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Evolution of amphibi
"Amphibian" comes from the Greek
meaning "both life". Amphibians can
live on water and on land.
Copyright Cmassengale
Kladogram amphibi
General caracteristic
§ Cold blooded
§ Skin smooth or rough, rich in glands which kept
it moist
§ Scales, if present, are hidden in the skin
§ Limbs tetrapodus pentadactlyle type
§ Heart is divided into two atria and one ventricle
§ Aortic arches are symmetrical
§ Gill are present during some early stages of
development
§ Kidneys are provided with persistent
nephrostome
§ Breath with gills (larva), lung (adult), skin,
buccal cavity
§ Eyelids are present or not
§ Ears with tympany membrane (except in
salamander)
§ Skull articulates with the atlas by two
occipital condyles
§ Vertebrae are amphicoela, ophistocoela,
§ Cranial nerves are 10 pairs
§ External or internal fertilization
§ Usually oviparous
§ The larvae pass through an aquatic
stage before metamorphosing into
adult
Amphibians
Classification
Biologists have identified about 2,375
living species of amphibians and have
classified them into four orders
Apoda – Caecillians
Urodela – Salamanders
Anura - bufo
Apoda
Apoda Classification
• Kingdom : Animalia
• Phylum : Chordata
• Sub Phylum : Vertebrata
• SuperClass : Tetrapoda
• Class : Amphibia
• Ordo : Caecilia, Gymnophiona, apoda
• Family : Ichthyopidae , Caecilidae,
Rhinatrematidae,Scoleocomorphidae,
Uracotyphlidae, Typhlonectidae
Apoda includes caecilians, a tropical, burrowing
• Kingdom : Animalia
• Phylum : Chordata
• Sub Phylum : Vertebrata
• SuperClass : Tetrapoda
• Class : Amphibia
• Subordo : Cryptobranchoidea
• Family : Familia Cryptobranchidae,
Familia Hynobiidae
Sub ordo Salamandroidea
• Kingdom : Animalia
• Phylum : Chordata
• Sub Phylum : Vertebrata
• SuperClass : Tetrapoda
• Class : Amphibia
• Subordo : Salamandroidea
• Family : Familia Salamandridae,
Familia Proteidae, Familia
Ambystomatidae, Familia
Amphiumidae, Familia
Dicamtodontidae, Familia
Plethodontidae.
Sub ordo Meantes
• Kingdom : Animalia
• Phylum : Chordata
• Sub Phylum : Vertebrata
• SuperClass : Tetrapoda
• Class : Amphibia
• Subordo : Meantes
• Family : Sirenidae
Salamanders,
typical
members of
the Order
Urodela, have
elongated
bodies, long
tails, smooth
Copyright Cmassengale
Other species
can reproduce in
damp land
environments.
Eggs laid on land
hatch into
miniature adult
salamanders
Morfologi ordo urodela
Skeletal of urodela
Physiology of urodela
Anura
Copyright Cmassengale
Classification
Sub ordo Archaeobatrachia
• Kingdom : Animalia
• Phylum : Chordata
• Sub Phylum : Vertebrata
• SuperClass : Tetrapoda
• Class : Amphibia
• Subordo : Archaeobatrachia
• Family : Familia Discoglossidae , Familia
Ascaphidae, Familia Leiopelmatidae
Sub ordo Mesobatrachia
• Kingdom : Animalia
• Phylum : Chordata
• Sub Phylum : Vertebrata
• SuperClass : Tetrapoda
• Class : Amphibia
• Subordo : Mesobatrachia
• Family : Familia Pipidae, Familia
Rhinophrynidae, Familia
Pelobatidae, Familia Pelodytidae
Sub ordo Neobatrachia
• Kingdom : Animalia
• Phylum : Chordata
• Sub Phylum : Vertebrata
• SuperClass : Tetrapoda
• Class : Amphibia
• Subordo : Neobatrachia
• Family : Familia Bufonidae, Familia
Microhylidae, Familia Ranidae, Familia
Pelobatidae (Megophrydae) , Familia
Rhacophoridae, Familia
Dendrobatidae, Familia Hylidae,
Familia Pelodryadidae, Familia
Myobatrachidae, Familia
Sooglossidae, Familia Psedidae.
1. Frogs and toads comprise the order
Anura
except Antarctica
Anuran
characteristic
Some types spend
climbers that
dwell in trees
or burrowers
that live
underground.
Toads and frogs have many similarities in the way
q The frog's powerful hind legs are equally
danger.
body length
Frog's eyes also work
submerged while
lower eyelid
Frogs have
eardrums, or
tympanic
membranes,
which are
Tympanic membrane
circular
structures
located behind
q
q The frog's thick, moist skin
it from drying up
tasting or poisonous
substances that protect
Some frogs, such as
environment.
Skeletal system
Digestive System
Digestive System
qMost frogs feed on insects, and their
digestive system is adapted to their
diet
q
qA frog's tongue is an excellent insect
catcher. The frog simply flicks out
its long sticky tongue, curls it
around its prey, and pulls the insect
back into its mouth. Then the frog
snaps its mouth shut and swallows.
Digestive System
Frogs have
two types of teeth
that hold on to
prey. A row of
maxillary teeth
line the perimeter
of the upper jaw.
Two patches of
vomerine teeth
project from
bones in the roof
of the mouth.
Digestive System
q Sometimes the frog
blinks, pulls its eyes
inward, and presses
q Digestion in frogs
takes place in the
alimentary canal,
which includes the
esophagus, stomach,
Circulatory System
q An adaptation to the greater
oxygen needs of land
animals is a more
efficient circulatory
system than the fish's
two-chambered heart.
q The amphibian's three-
chambered heart partially
mixes oxygenated with
deoxygenated blood and
pumps the blood throughout
the body at higher
pressure than does the
fish's heart
q The left atrium receives
heart.
respiration.
breakdown of foods.
q Are the primary excretory organs and lie on either side of the spine
against the dorsal body wall. The kidneys filter nitrogenous wastes
• The spinal cord transmits signals from all parts of the body
to the brain and from the brain back to the body.
•
Reproductive System
• Both male and female frogs have
internal sex organs
the kidneys