|







R d

  
 
   


 

R    
 
  
 d 
  
?  

!
? 
"  ?  
#   
 ? 
$
 
 
? %  

    
d
 d


 
&




&

 
&  

  
 
Triacylglycerols ( The body fuel reserve )
Lipids constitute about 15- 20 % of the body weight in humans. TG are the
most abundant lipids comprising 85-90 % of body lipids. Most TG are stored in
the adipose tissue and serve as energy reserve of the body. This is in contrast to
carbohydrates and proteins which cannot be stored to a significant extent for
energy purposes.
Why should fat be the fuel reserve of the body ?
º
TG are highly concentrated form of energy yielding 9 cal/g in contrast to
carbohydrate and proteins that produce only 4 cal/g.
2. TG are hydrophobic in nature, hence stored in pure form without any
association with water . Whereas, glycogen and protein are polar. One gram of
glycogen combines with 2 g of water for storage.
 For healthy adult ( weighing 70 Kg ) about 10-11 kg of fat is stored in adipose
tissue which corresponds to a fuel reserve of 100,000 cals. If this much of
energy were to be stored as glycogen ( instead of fat ) then the weight of the
person would increase significantly.
 Long chain fatty acids are the ideal storage fuel reserves of the body. Fats can
support the body energy needs for long periods of food deprivation. Humans
can fast and survive for 60-90 days and the obese persons can survive even
longer 6 months without food.
d

¦re biomolecules which are soluble in organic solvents lipids. Fats and lipids
are insoluble in water
Lipid Function 
º
Fats and lipids are important because they serve as energy source as well as a
storage for energy in the form of fat cells.
2. Lipids have a major cellular function as structural components in cell
membranes.
3. Hormones steroids and prostaglandin are chemical messengers between body
tissues.
4. Vitamins ¦, D , E and K are lipid soluble.

5. Lipids act as a shock absorber to protect vital organs and insulate the body

from temperature extremes

 Digestion and Transport of Dietary Lipids :
$
 

'
   (   

 
   
d     


  )  
* ) 

*+
 (
     

 

 
$  
 






 

  

 

  ,!
 
-

    
  (

   
   (  
 

 
  ( 



 
+  
 
(


(
 


)

   *


 
 &



     



, 



 




 



 |
 | 


 


  
 
    
      
     
   

 
   !  
       

"
   
 
R $

    )
 ( 
(

*
        $
  
 

    

 



 
$  ( 

 
  
 (


 ( 


  
 


 
  $  
   
    
R $  
  
 
 



  ,!  
  
  


 (



 !./(


 


 


 

  
$
 


  
   
 

  (
 
  

  
 
 ¦cylglycerol Lipases
| 
 
|


 

#  




 
 | 
 

#  

 
 
 

#  

 
 

   

 

 Fate of Glycerol 
$ 
!# $
%
  


| &
' 

&& 
  
 

 


 
 3ontrol of lipid digestion
R & 
  
  

 
   

   

  

    





 

   

 
 
 00
  
)   
 *( 



  + 
 

  (
    

 
 
  
  

 

(

  



  
  
  

  



  
  

 
 

  (
  







    

 
Fatty ¦cid Synthesis
$

  
 

(
(%  
  

$
'
 
    !

%   
  ?1
 21  %  
2&
 $ ! 
  

    

 (!
%)*( '
 

    
V The synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl-3o¦ and malonyl-
3o¦ is carried out by fatty acid synthase, F¦S.
V 
   


  
 
    ?$
  
 

3
2&%  2&1
V $


   ? 
 & 

 
   



   4
 
   
 
 
 ^hysiologically Relevant Fatty ¦cids

2 
 2 

 

   2!




!
5.67 
  8),*5,
  
 


 

# 

  
5967 &   8),*5.
  

5965Œ[ &   8),*:;),*<

5/67 
 8),*59

5/65Œ[   8),*<;),*<

5/6,Œ[(5, d   8),*.;,;),*< # 

5/68Œ[(5,(5: d   8,;,;,;),*< # 

&



  
,76.Œ:(/(55(5. 
   8),*8),;*.),*8
 
Origin of 3ytoplasmic ¦cetyl-3o¦

!  
   






6
R 

 
 )&*
 
R  %  
R +


      
 
  

 

 !

 
 
 


%


+
( 
 

 % !$&

$&! 

 $
 % 

  
 )*
x

     
 

5 &


6 
 '



 
2&
  $2&



  
   
 



,
 
 

6 
%    
%  
 




   & %
(
)|

&&  &* %

)| +,- )|
+
)|" "" )|" "" 
  
  
  
  
  +, . -/-
 -0- 0-&&- && 
&& 
  
)|
 12% )|" ""

-+-+,- +3++,-
    
$ 
+,+,- 12 +,
      
R $ 

 
 
? 
   5967
 ( 59
   
 

R #    
  
 
 
  
 
   

R $

   

  #"

#     !

 !
$
 

  
 
   

   
   !
 

 
 #"
   .

 
   ! 
$ 
 

 .(:(9
[

  

   
  [
  
 )5/6,[(5,*
 
)5/68[(5,(5:*

$  3

 
  
(

(



   

d   
  



 
   

   




  )

   

%*+  
     
 


(      
   



 (      



  
   


  






 











º





 













 



 




 















 



 


 

 

 








 







  




 

 






 
 



 


 
 












 




 






 



 





 










 
 





º 





 




 




 

 








  












  



 











 













 




 

      
   
  

 

R ?  %  

  + 
 
      


 
8: 4 
#      %
   

  



 ( 
  
 
 
  $&


½
    

Fatty acids are stored for future use as tri acylglycerol in all cells, but
primarily in adipose tissue. Tri acylglycerol constitute molecules of glycerol
to which three fatty acids have been esterified.

The fatty acids present in tri acylglycerol are predominantly saturated.

The major building block for the synthesis of tri acylglycerols, in tissues
other than adipose tissue, is glycerol. ¦dipocytes lack     ,
therefore, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DH¦^), produced during
glycolysis, is the precursor for tri acylglycerol synthesis in adipose tissue.
This means that adipoctes must have glucose to oxidize in order to store
fatty acids in the form of tri acylglycerol.
 
 

     
  
   
R 
    
 



     
  


    

R =
   

     


% ^eroxisomes are part of the process of cell metabolism, which
keeps cells running smoothly to ensure that they have enough energy to
perform their functions. ^eople can develop disorders related to a buildup of
lipids and other toxins in their bodies. This can manifest in the form of a
variety of conditions, including the neurological disorder known as Zellweger
Syndrome.
R d   59>.

'



 

  
$
  


  
 



   

 
   
 
  
 
R ?



   (  




  (

  
  
 


5   
 



R 
  





  
 


 

   

(
&$!55
 

  

  

R $
  



   


   
   
  

 
 

 
 



R $
        
   





   
    
 
%


 



  
  
R

 



  
 

 




 


 


R 

 







 
 

 


 


 
  
R 






  
 
 Ô     
R ?
%   
    %  
? 
$%     @
 ? 
 
 

R (?, 211 

 
 
  



?
59
  
 ( 

 
 (    
 ?,
 211

R $ 


  
 
    

  

 $&%  


 
R  !"  

# $%
!
R   %





 

&



  

'()  



 "

&
  %




 

 



"

 
 






%
 

&
 



 
 
 
# %

 

 


 "

*+ " ,
R -!&




 


%


 "
 






%&

  
 
 
 



R $%





!
R .

%


 
 

R .

 

%
'/
 
&











›
 

 

 .






 

 
   

      
R 
    ?,
%  

R 
  


 %  ?, 


  
%  $    
 
 
 


 
(
 
 
? %  

  


  

0 6

   




 (
%  
   

     

   $  
 

! 0

! 

   
 

 (
 !
% 

     0  
&
   



 


 



 0




 








  

# "



%
&






 

  
 
 
 
 


&

 

 



  
 #

 &





 *0, 

   * 

 
 ,




%
* 
 
 
,
&

 
# "
  


%



 %
1 







2
 
&



 
 
 





  %
 2 
 
     
 3holesterol is one of the most well recognized molecules in human biology, in
part because of the direct relationship between its concentrations in blood and
tissues and the development of atherosclerotic vascular disease. 3holesterol
which is transported in the blood in lipoproteins because of its absolute
insolubility in water, serves as a stabilizing component of cell membranes and
as a precursor of the bile salts and steroids hormones. 3holesterol is precursor
of cholecalciferol the active form of vitamin D in skin.
 3holesterol can appear in its free , unesterified form in the outer shell of these
macromolecules and as cholesterol esters in the lipoprotein core.
Transformations of 3holesterol: Steroid
Hormones
Ô

Ô

 Ô Ô
Ô



Ô
Ô
Ô

&


 




Ô



Ô 

3 

1
  ´   |
 
½  
  
+ ,<
( 5<
 


  

  
 )



!

  
$ 

 
    
) 
:A4d* 87B
   

 


('
 
  
 
%


 
           
 



  



  
:4d),77 4 *$


 
    
    -  


 


 


  

 ( 

   

 2 
 
  
 
  
    

 
 
(
 

'
 
    (


%   $

  5

3
5/
(89$& 592&
  
 
  


x     
  

$
 

   %

  $


  
   

 C$
 


 0 



  
 




  

 
     

C
   


 
 
  
 2   
     

 

 


  +


   $  
,.

  
   


   
 %  $
    
    
 
<! 
%&


 



  
'    
  

$

 

 
 


  (
 % (
  
 % 
 
$
  

 
 
    


    


    
$

 


 ( 
 
(


(

( %



   
 
%     
 
  
 
    
  




  
R    6
R   





 

 

     
     (





   

    
    
  
R       

  

 ( 

  
  (
   


 ½  


 




 
$  

 

  

%(  
 
 
 ´   
Vitamin D3 is known as cholecalciferol , it is derived from cholesterol .The
majority of cholecalciferol is made in malpighian layer of the epidermis of the
skin.
3holesterol is converted to 7-dehydrocholesterol which acts as the substrate for
non enzymatic photolysis reaction in which UV rays from sunlight mediate the
opening of the B-ring of cholesterol , so destroying the steroid nucleus. This
reaction is inversely related to the amount of pigment in the skin and directly
related to the amount of sunlight exposure.
 d
 

  
d


 6
d


 
 

 

 




 

   $
   

 


  


 D

  
 
  
 
 



  

   d

  
$


 

    
(
!   



 )=dd*(  


 )dd*    )
d*$ 
 
 

 
  (    
d


   6
50



 


 


,$

  



  

 

  
 %


  
  

 

  $   
  




  
 
3 
    

  
 )

 *
 
 
 

  
d


 

 
)   
 
(


*

  



 (


( 

$
 
 


 



 
   

 
   

½   

  
   :
 
6



 

     

 (   

 
 


 

 =dd dd
 
(   

 


 
d

 
 &


 


 


 
 


  

   


 

  
  6
5&
  
    





,
   


   


 
 
8


3
  





  
(




 




 




   
   

     
'

 x  
  
 

      

 


 
(
(    






  

./   3  

!577    
 
    =dd dd



  
  

3

 

 




 )$&*  
!./
 
(

 

   

 (
  



  

  
x     
  
  
$

 
    
- 


(

 
   
#)  
   
 



* 

!55 


 


 $C    
$


d

  

  d


d


 
 %
 
    


  (

   
  (
 
 
d


 
  
!55(
$C  
   
$ 

 


 

 $   




     

 
C
   
 


 (       & 
    


 


!55
 
    
 

? 
    
[7B$C  
  


 
(

 

    
   
 

 d
$
   

 
 
 


 


   
(




  

#  

 





  
  (
    (


  $




 
x    

  
=dd


    
$

 
 

 





  
  ´d d 

 
   

=dd

    
!577$ 
!55
 
#

   d$
 




 
   
 

x     ´d d o =dd

 

  ($C  
  


 
   =dd

    



 #



 d 

 
 
!577
? $C



 
=ddd % 
 




d=dd$ %  

  





 )#$&*
 d d´d d 


=dd 
  
dd 
   



 )+d*
=dd
 
 
  
  
+d

 



 
# 
 6
# 


 
 
(#,(#8( #.

#,  




 
     

 

 +d$     

555




   


  





 
#. 
  
   
 
 

  Ô?d d
$'
 ! 
 dd

 


  
dd5(dd, dd8
dd5 dd,

  

 
dd8

  ( 
 %  (

  
dd


 



  

 
dd$ (




 
  


  



 


    
x  d  d

  
dd

  
 
 



$


  dd

  

 





  


  
   


dd



  
!577
$ 

(+d dd 
 

 

 

5C
       

 

  

, dd




  
   
  
%

 dd


 (     


dd

 
8+
 
3
 



 


+

  6


)$*



  

    dd

  




6

 
  




    



)"!*(   
   dd

   

  
 


   

 
 

 

 
3 

?
  
 
  dd
  

dd) 4 d*;$
! d! $

4:
dd)4d*;$
! d! $

4,,,
x   
 d

   d
R d

 

 
  
 
 
 
  o
5d 






 6
!55 




 
 
#
3
 



+d 
 


,d
 
  
62d
 
 


    


)

  * 
(
 #$



 



 
  

3#
  
6
 
d( 
  
  


  6



)d$*$    
 
d$  d    
5


   
d
d  

(    
d8  
  d,
R 2! $





 


=dd % 

 

 Disorders of plasma lipoproteins

R +
  




     
    







  $
     



   


$ 
3
 



  


 
 )(


 (

 (

 

R 




  6#  




 

   




  $ 


 




 
?
 
   





   


 






 
5 $
56$  

   


 
   
$   
 
 
 

 

, $
556$     dd


 



     (

 (

 

$  

 

 


 
8 $
556dd =dd 
    


 
 
$   


  


. $
5556$  
   


 



  



  +d


 
: $
5=6$   


     $C 
 
 =dd$  

     (
( 
9 $
=6 
 =dd
 $  
 
    

  ( 
%  
 
 Hypolipoproteinemias :
5?  



  6+  
  

 


  


 $
dd 
     57:7B
 
,


  6$  

 

   
 


 + 

 



 )dd* 
$C
   
 
    
   

 $ 


     
 

   
  +

 
 
 

 


 
8?  



    )$ 
 *6$

d

 
  (






 
      


   


 55 
 


 
   $
$C

 $    
 
 




 
 

 
R 

  
% 

    


  

    
)

  


(
 
  * ( 
   (  

 (+ 



R 

  


  



   



R +
 

  
     
   





   


   
 
 



R  

  6$ 



  

 


  


 dd2
 (
d  



  
R 
  
   

 $  
(




  (

 
(

 


  (  
 
 (
%   (
 %
 (

 (




 

 
R " d 6
R $ 
 
d


    

 
 

- 
d 


&

 

 $  
  

  
  
 %
 ( 

( 
  
  (
    
   
d 
 


 
 
R  %  

 6
R  %  
%  dd$
  (
    # 
! 

 



  
(
 "



 


´

 
 





  

 ?
 

   


  
 

 

  ?
 
 
 

 



½  
&




 


    

  
(
   



 
  $
     
   ( 
   d   


  (    
  
 
  
    

    
 (  
 
  
  
 





  





 

 




 



$ 




(
   

   
$




  (

  (


 
 

   
  
& 
 




$
'


     6 (
  

 # 

  

   
  
   
  

  
 
   %


    
($ 
   
   
(&?
x  
½



 $
  
( 


(


  
  !  (
   
  (    (
,

     
 


   


 
p
        o



 
 
  



 

     (

  



  
 

  (
 Tay-Sachs Disease

 ,  

  %
+
 - -  -   - )- 
 

'    
 2  $
& 

   


 
  $ 

 &

2  
&'    4   

   


$  5*
1 
1

Other Gangliosidoses

  &
6  %
+
 - -  
?-
   
 
6  %
+
 - -  - -   - -   
-
   
)  -   %
+
 - && - +& 

& 
  
p