Cellular Respiration

Getting Energy From Food

 Organisms Need Energy

 Energy enters
ecosystem as
sunlight,
leaves as heat
 Matter is
recycled
 Harvesting Chemical Energy
 Glucose is the model
– catabolism of glucose to produce ATP
respiration

glucose + oxygen → energy + water + carbon

dioxide

C6H12 O6 + 6O2 → ATP + 6H2O + 6CO2

 Moving electrons in respiration
 High
energy food
molecules
– Carbohydrates
– Fats
– Give off energy as
they are broken
down
 Overview of cellular respiration
 3 metabolic stages
1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs cycle
3. Electron transport chain

C6H12 O6 + 6O2 → ATP + 6H2O + 6CO2 (+ heat)

 Glycolysis

Anaerobic respiration
– One Step: Glycolysis
Aerobic respiration
- Begins with glycolysis
– If enough O2 present in the cell,
moves on to steps 2 & 3
– Next phases: in mitochondria
 Glycolysis
 Breaking down glucose
– “glyco – lysis” (splitting sugar)
In the
cytosol?
glucose → → → → → pyruvate Why does
that make
6C 2x 3C evolutionary
sense?
– ancient pathway that harvests energy
 where energy transfer first evolved
 transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP

 still is starting point for ALL cellular respiration

– but it’s inefficient

 generate only 2 ATP for every 1 glucose
– occurs in cytoplasm
 Pyruvate is a branching point
Pyruvate
O2 O2

fermentation
anaerobic
respiration
mitochondria
Krebs cycle
aerobic respiration
Any Questions???
Citric Acid Cycle

Oxygen present? Into the

mitochondrion!
Pyruvate oxidized to Acetyl CoA

reductio
n

oxidatio C-C
C-C-C
n

[
2 x Yield = 2C sugar + NADH + CO2 ]
 Count the carbons!
pyruvate acetyl CoA
3C 2C
citrate
4C 6C

4C oxidation 6C
This happens
twice for each of sugars
CO2
glucose
molecule x2
4C 5C

4C 4C CO2
So we completely broke
down glucose
C6H12 O6
↓
CO2
& ended up
with
Net gain =2 ATP
=8 NADH +2
FADH2
 Oxidative Phosphorylation
(Electron Transport)
 Electron Transport
Chain
– series of proteins built
into
inner mitochondrial
membrane
 along cristae
– yields ~34 ATP from 1
glucose!
– only in presence of O2
(aerobic respiration)
 Mitochondria
 Double membrane
– outer membrane
– inner membrane
 highly folded cristae
 enzymes & transport
proteins
– intermembrane space
 fluid-filled
space
between membranes

Matrix
 The Electron Transport Chain
 Electron carriers pass electrons & H+ to
ETC
-electrons passed from one electron carrier to next
 flowing electrons = energy to do work
– transport proteins pump H+ (protons) across inner
membrane to intermembrane space

H+
H+ H+ H
+

H
H
+
+ H
H
+
+ H
H+
+
H+ H+ H H+
+

C
Q e–
e–
e –
FADH2
FAD ADP
1
NADH 2H+ + O2 H2O + Pi
NAD+ 2
NADH cytochrome cytochrome c
dehydrogenase bc complex oxidase complex ATP
H+
The Electron Transport Chain

H 2O
O2
 At the end of the
transport chain…
H+
Chemiosmosis H+ H+ H+

H+
 Set up a H gradient
+ H+ H +
H+

 Allow the protons

to flow through ATP
synthase
 Synthesizes ATP

ADP + Pi → ATP
ADP + Pi
Chemiosmosis
links the Electron ATP
Transport Chain
H+
to ATP synthesis
Pyruvate from Intermembrane
Inner H
+
cytoplasm space
mitochondrial H
+

membrane
Electron
transport
C system
Q

NADH e- 2. Electrons H+
provide energy
1. Electrons are harvested
Acetyl-CoA and carried to the e-
transport system. to pump
protons across
NADH e- the membrane.
HO 2
Krebs e- 3. Oxygen joins 1 O
FADH2 with protons and
cycle 2 +2 O2
electrons to form
water. 2H+
CO2 H+

ATP H+
ATP
ATP
4. Protons diffuse back in
down their concentration ATP
Mitochondrial gradient, driving the synthase
matrix synthesis of ATP.
 ~3
Cellular respiration 6 AT
P

2 2 ~32
ATP
+ ATP
+ ATP
Summary of cellular respiration
C6H12 O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ~36 ATP
 Where did the glucose come from?
 Where did the O2 come from?

 Where did the CO2 come from?

 Where did the CO2 go?

 Where did the H2O come from?

 Where did the ATP come from?

 What else is produced that is not listed
in this equation?
 Why do we breathe?
Cellular Respiration
Other Metabolites
 Beyond Glucose
Respirationcan
also break down
–Other carbs
–Fats
–Proteins
Small pieces of these
molecules enter at
various stages of CO2
respiration.
 Any Questions?

2 2 32
 Anaerobic Respiration
(Fermentation)
 Only step: Glycolysis
 Occurs in cytoplasm

 2 Pyruvate molecules formed 

Becomes ethyl alcohol or lactic acid

Equation Ethyl Alcohol + CO2 + 2ATP

C6H12O6
Lactic Acid + 2ATP
 Alcohol Fermentation
 Pyruvate decarboxylase (an enzyme in the
cytoplasm) removes a CO2 from pyruvate,
converting it into ethanol, the alcohol found
in alcoholic beverages.

Ethanol fermentation
creates ethanol,
Pyruvate  CO2 + ethyl alcohol + 2ATP
CO2, and ATP from
glucose.
Ex: making bread, beer and wine
 Lactic Acid Fermentation
 During strenuous exercise, muscle cells
break down glucose faster than oxygen
can be supplied.
 Lactate dehydrogenase (an enzyme in
the cytoplasm) then converts pyruvate
into lactate.
 Pyruvate  CO2 + lactic acid + 2ATP
Ex: sore muscles
 Lactic Acid Fermentation
 The accumulation of lactate molecules in
muscle tissue causes stiffness, soreness,
and fatigue.
 Lactate is converted back to pyruvate when
vigorous exercise ends but requires
oxygen.
Rigor mortis is caused by the fermentation
of glucose in muscle cells, leading to high
levels of lactic acid. The lactic acid causes
muscle tissue to become rigid.
Organisms that use anaerobic
respiration
 Yeast (single celled fungi) – produce
CO2 to make bread rise. Also produce
alcohol.
 Many bacteria

 Lactic acid can be produced in animal

muscle cells