Lecture Notes for

Heat Transfer - 2

ACRi – PMD
Certified Course
in
Computational Fluid Dynamics

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2011
 Convection Boundary Condition
 The heat transfer from the surface of a body
due to convection is q“ = hA(T - T∞)
 A is the area of the surface from which
convection takes place

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 Convection Boundary Condition
 h is the heat transfer coefficient
 Depends on the fluid properties
 Depends on the nature of the flow – Reynolds
number etc

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 Convection Boundary Condition
 One side with convective heat transfer

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 Convection Boundary Condition
 Convective heat transfer from both sides

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2011
 Convection Boundary Condition
 Homework problem: Given a specified heat
flux on one side and convective heat transfer
coefficient on the other side, what is the
temperature distribution in the body?
 Given: L, q, h, T∞, k; What is T(x)?

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2011
 Radiation Boundary Condition
 Radiation is emitted from all matter at a non-
zero temperature
 Energy of radiation is carried by
electromagnetic waves / photons
 It does not require a medium for heat transfer.
 It is most efficient in vaccuum
 It is proportional to 4th power of temperature
 Stefan-Boltzmann’s Law
 Stefan-Boltmann constant σ = 5.67*10-8w/m2k4
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 Radiation Boundary Condition
 The heat transfer from the surface of a body
due to radiation is
 Emax = σTs4, σ=5.67*10-8 w/m2k4

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 Types of Boundary Conditions -
Summary
 Dirichlet – specified temperature
 Neumann – specified heat flux
 Includes zero flux case – perfectly insulated
 Convection Surface – specified heat transfer
coefficient and medium temperature
 Radiation bundary condition
 Interface boundary condition
 Continuity of temperature
 Continuity of heat fux

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 Black and Grey body
 A black body is an idealised surface that
emits radiation at all frequencies. The Stefan-
Boltzmann law is for the perfect blackbody
 In reality, most bodies are gray – they only
emit radiation at some frequencies

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 Grey body
 In reality, most bodies are gray – they only
emit radiation at some frequencies
 So the amount of radiation emitted is less than
that of a blackbody at the same temperature
 Egrey = σTs4, σ=5.67*10-8 w/m2k4
 The fraction  is called emissivity of the surface
 It is a measure of how efficiently a body emits
radiation compared to a perfect blackbody

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2011
 Absorbtion, transmittance
 Surfaces generally absorb some incident
radiation, reflect back some radiation and
allow some fraction of the radiation to pass
through them completely
 Absorbtion – characterised by the absorbtivity 
 Reflectance – characterised by the reflectivity ρ
 Transmittance – characterised by the
transmittivity τ
+ρ+τ=1

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 Radiation inside a room
 Consider a grey body at temperature T and
emissivity  in a room with wall temperature
Twall

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 Radiation inside a room
 Radiation heat energy emitted by body is
Ebody = AσT4
 Radiation heat incident on body from wall is
G = AσTw4
 The energy balance equation for the body can
be written as
 Qnet = -AσT4 + AσTw4 = hA(T - T∞)

 What are the assumptions made in this case?

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Heat Diffusion – Cylindrical Coordinates
 Consider the conduction of heat through a
long cylinder
 Change in the axial direction is considered to be
negligible
 Symmetry in the θ direction

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Heat Diffusion – Cylindrical Coordinates
 Consider a section along the axis
Q(r) – Q(r+ r) + Qg = E/t

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Heat Diffusion – Cylindrical Coordinates
 So the 1st law for the annular element can ve
written as
Q(r) – Q(r+ r) + qqV = (ρV)C T/t

V = A* r = 2πrL* r
After simplification and taking limit as r → 0,
We get
1   T  T
 kA   q g  C
A r  r  t
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Heat Diffusion – Cylindrical Coordinates
 So for a material with variable conductivity
1   T  T
 kr   q g  C
r r  r  t
 For constant conductivity
1   T  q g 1 T
r  
r r  r  k  t

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Heat Diffusion – Cylindrical Coordinates
 Steady State without heat generation
 Steady State with heat generation
 Transient conduction
 Similarly for a sphere, we have
1   2 T  T
 kr   q g  C
r r 
2
r  t

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2011
3D Heat Diffusion – Cylindrical Coordinates
 In 3D, we have full heat diffusion equation in
cylindrical coordinates as

1   T  1   T    T  T
 kr   2  k    k   q g  C
r r  r  r     z  z  t

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 Ex. 1 - Heat Diffusion in Annular
Cylinder – Dirichlet BC
 Consider an annular cylinder - thermal
conductivity k; What is T(r)?

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 Ex. 1 - Heat Diffusion in Annular
Cylinder – Dirichlet BC
 For planar wall, area of c/s was constant
 So heat flux through each section constant
 So temperature gradient between sections was
same
 For cylinder – area of heat transfer increases
with increasing radius
 Hence heat flux through section of greater radius
less than section of smaller radius
 Hence temperature gradient is not a constant

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 Ex. 2 - Heat Diffusion in Solid Cylinder –
Dirichlet BC
 Consider a solid cylinder of radius r1 -
thermal conductivity k;
 Heat generation / unit volume of qq
 Temperature at outer surface = T1
 What is T(r)

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2011
 Ex. 2 - Heat Diffusion in Solid Cylinder –
Dirichlet BC
 What are the boundary conditions?
 At r = r1, T = T1
 Need one more B.C
 Temperature has to be maximum at center of
cylinder? Why?
 So at r = 0, dT/dr = 0

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2011
 Ex. 3 - Wire + insulation
 Consider a wire of radius r1 and an insulation
material with outer radius r2; conductivity k1,
k2;
 Heat generation / unit volume of qq - electrical
 Temperature at outer surface = T2
 What is T(r)

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2011
 Ex. 3 - Wire + insulation
 Solve in two parts
 For the solid wire
 For the annular insulation material
 Use interface boundary condition

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 Summary
 What is heat transfer coefficient? What are its
units?
 What does convective heat transfer
coefficient depend on?

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2011