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WHAT ARE HEAT EXCHANGERS?
v Heat exchangers are one of the most common pieces of
equipment found in all plants.
v Heat Exchangers are components that allow the transfer
of heat from one fluid (liquid or gas) to another fluid.
v In a heat exchanger there is no direct contact between
the two fluids. The heat is transferred from the hot fluid to
the metal isolating the two fluids and then to the cooler
fluid.
v The mechanical design of a heat exchanger depends on
the operating pressure and temperature .
APPLICATION OF HEAT EXCHANGERS
Heat exchange is used every where around the human and
its surroundings.
A Ò
v Thermodynamically poor
v High thermal stresses since large
temperature difference at inlet
- Ò
v In between the above
v Space is important
TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGER
This type of heat exchanger are categorized in following types:-
v Shell and tube heat exchangers consist of a series of tubes. One set of these tubes
contains the fluid that must be either heated or cooled. The second fluid runs over
the tubes that are being heated or cooled so that it can either provide the heat or
absorb the heat required.
v A set of tubes is called the tube bundle and can be made up of several types of
tubes: plain, longitudinally finned.
PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER
This type of heat exchanger are categorized in following types:-
v The hot and cold fluids alternate between each of the plates. Baffles direct
the flow of fluid between plates.
v Because each of the plates has a very large surface area, the plates
provide each of the fluids with an extremely large heat transfer area.
v This is due to the larger area the plates provide over tubes.
SELECTION OF HEAT EXCHANGERS
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Terminal Temperatures
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Operating Pressure and Temperature
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Heat Recovery
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A Methodology for Heat Exchanger
Design Calculations
- The Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) Method -
ͻ A form of Newton͛s Law of Cooling may be applied to heat exchangers by
using a log-mean value of the temperature difference between the two fluids:
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s s
s ± ï
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ͻ Parallel-Flow Heat Exchanger:
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ë Note that can not exceed for a PF HX, but can do so for a CF HX.
ë For equivalent values of X and inlet temperatures,
s ± V s ± V
The Number of Transfer Units (NTU) Method is used to calculate the rate of heat transfer
in heat exchangers (especially counter current exchangers) when there is insufficient
information to calculate the Log-Mean Temperature Difference(LMTD).
ͻ Assume negligible heat transfer between the exchanger and its surroundings
and negligible potential and kinetic energy changes for each fluid.
â V V
( â( V ( V
ͻ Assuming no phase change and constant specific heats,
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wherein:
hX is the overall heat-transfer coefficient,
h is the area of the heat-exchange surface, and
h is the Log Mean Temperature Difference.
Conclusions