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POWER PLANT
Presented by
SANTOSH VERMA (P10TM 053)
AJESH KT (P10TM 037)
MTECH-TURBO MACHINES
Introduction
The gas turbine has seen a drastic rise in popularity within the
power generation industry.
Until the end of the 1960s gas turbines were almost used in the aviation
industry.
During the 1970s and 1980s they started to find favour as standby and peak
power units because of their facility for rapid start-up.
At the end of the twentieth century the gas turbine had become one of the most
widely used prime movers for new power generation applications.
Later most potential combined cycle power plant has been the developed.
The combines gas and steam turbines in a single power station, can provide a
cheap, high-capacity, high-efficiency power generation unit with low
environmental emissions.
OVERVIEW OF INDIA’S POWER SECTOR
In the past few years, there has been considerable growth in power plants
based on renewable sources of energy.
The present installed capacity of gas turbine power plants is about 9000 MW,
which is 13 % of the total thermal power plant capacity.
The major gas turbine power plants are combined cycle plants and few small
capacity plants are on open cycle mode. The gas turbine power plants are
having varying unit sizes.
Gas Turbine power plant capacity in World
Existing technology based on the Thermal Power
It is much smaller in size as compared to steam power station of the same
capacity .
The initial and operating costs are much lower than that of equivalent steam
power station.
The Steam Power Plants are mostly coal-based power plants and so
more polluted the atmosphere.
Gas turbines run at even higher temperatures than steam turbines, the
temperature may be as high as 1100 – 12600C.
Then fuel and compressed air are mixed in a combustion chamber and
ignited.
Hot gases are given off, which spin the turbine wheels.
Most of the turbine’s power runs the compressor. Part of it drives the
generator.
Gas Turbine Power Plant
Gas Turbine Power Plants Components
i)Air compressor
ii) Combustion chamber
iii) Turbine
Air compressor:
The air compressor and turbine are mounted at
either end on a common horizontal axle(shaft),
with the combustion chamber between them.
The greater the pressure of air, the better the fuel air mixture burns.
Modern gas turbines usually use liquid fuel, but they may also use gaseous
fuel, natural gas or gas produced artificially by gasification of a solid fuel.
oLike in steam turbine, the gas turbine also has fixed(stationary) and
moving(rotor) blades.
oThe stationary blades guide the moving gases to the rotor blades and adjust
its velocity.
Oils, including crudes and other refiner residuals, which are heated to acceptable
levels to enable the needed viscosity for gas turbine combustion.
Off gases or by-products of industrial processes – derived from the chemical, oil and
gas, or steel sectors, many of these fuels cannot be transported or stored, and their
essential appeal will be to reduce fuel supply in industrial plants in the carbon-
constrained environment.
Syngas and synfuels – derived directly from abundant fossil carbon (refinery
residuals, coal, lignite, tar sands, and shale oil), they represent great potential for the
carbon-constrained economy, provided they are subjected to carbon capture.
Bio-liquid fuels – more evenly distributed around the world, they are of prime interest
due to their overall neutral carbon balance.
The graphic below uses two scenarios based on the change in the
price of oil to show the share of various fuels used in gas turbine .
IGCC PLANT
The plant concept for a gas turbine operated with syngas can be an IGCC plant .
Syngas provides increased flexibility for the use of available energy sources.
Syngas can be produced from a wide variety of coal grades, but also from
biomass, petroleum coke and refinery residues.
Purified synthetic gas not only increases the flexibility of the useable energy
sources, it also enables use of these energy sources in gas turbines targeting
electricity, heat production and CO sequestration & storage
From both an efficiency and an environmental prospective, Integrated
Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) is a promising technological solution for
long-term power needs.
two 400-megawatt IGCC uni Volume: Stage I: 250 MW, Stage II: 650
MW
This is an ultra critical, coal fired power plant with a capacity of 660 MW
located in northern shanghai.
This is the largest such facility in china and one of the world’s largest
carbon capture facility in the world. The captured CO2 is used food
packing, dry ice and beverage carbonation. This project has very low
capture costs.
APFBC
WHAT IS APFBC?
The APFBC system uses the pressurized circulating fluidized bed combustion
technologies developed by DOE and industry partners.
APFBC uses a circulating pressurized fluidized bed combustor (PFBC) with a fluid bed
heat exchanger to develop hot vitiated air for the gas turbine’s topping combustor and
steam for the steam bottoming cycle, and a carbonizer to produce hot fuel gas for the gas
turbine’s topping combustor. This provides high combined cycle energy efficiency levels
on coal.
While a conventional combined cycle uses natural gas, APFBC operates at almost the
same high levels of energy efficiency, but on less costly coal. APFBC has a wide
tolerance for differing coal types and can use opportunity fuels, so the owner can take
advantage of lowest energy price.
APFBC Repowering Considerations
There are a number of significant differences in considering APFBC for
repowering applications than exist in new site applications.
· Wide fuel tolerance means opportunity fuels can be used; coal or other
opportunity fuels can be bought for best economy from a range of suppliers.
APFBC is projected to have attractive low production costs. This provides high
combined cycle energy efficiency levels on coal.
APFBC allows the gas turbine to operate free of corrosion and erosion damage.
APFBC operates at almost the same high levels of energy efficiency, but on
less costly coal.
APFBC has a wide tolerance for differing coal types and can use opportunity
fuels, so the owner can take advantage of lowest energy price.
Increasing cycle temperature
It is an ideal combination in which the gas turbine uses high temperature
heat energy at 1100ºC, while the steam turbine recovers power from low
temperature heat energy at 600ºC or less.
In one, the high temperature parts of a gas turbine are cooled by using the
steam cycle. The gas temperature at the outlet of a combustor (first vane inlet)
and the temperature on the downstream side of the outlet can be increased by
adopting this system for cooling the combustor. In addition, by cooling steam at
the first vane, the inlet gas temperature of the first blade can be further
increased.
By using the cooling effect of steam’s large specific heat, the mixing of cooling
air into the main gas flow can be reduced and the maximum cycle temperature
can be increased using conventional materialsMHI is working to develop systems
achieving combustion temperatures of 1700ºC and a combined cycle thermal
efficiency of 62 to 65 per cent (LHV) as the next standard values. To achieve
this, technological breakthroughs based on new concepts that differ from simply
extending conventional technologies are required in the form of new materials,
cooling technologies, aerodynamic technologies, and low NOx combustion
technologies.
Peak power generation
The unit capacity of large gas turbines has grown, due to increases in
combustion temperature.
At present, MHI’s maximum unit capacity is 330 MW for the M701G2 turbine,
while for single-shaft combined power generation it is 500 MW.
Though a variety of large new power sources was planned during the era of
sustained economic growth, in the present rapidly varying situation, in which
economic growth has slowed and various social circumstances affect the peak
demand for power, a middle range capacity thermal power station capable of
being constructed in a shorter period with smaller investment than a large
capacity machine is needed.
New cycles
MHI has been examining the prospect of combining existing gas turbines with
other cycles, to realize further increases in thermal efficiency.
The combination of gas turbines with fuel cells uses the fuel remaining after
most is chemically converted into electricity in a gas turbine combined cycle to
increase overall thermal efficiency.
inCO2 closed cycle ,in which air is not used as a dilution medium for
combustion, flue gas is recirculated, and NOx is not emitted as exhaust.
Conclusion
In any event, gas turbines are very effective machines for efficiently converting
temperatures of 1100 to 1500ºC or higher on a large scale, and it can safely be said
that, in the examination of various cycles, gas turbines will play an important role as
an effective means of converting combustion energy in the future.