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Overview
What is Crosstalk?
Crosstalk Trends
Key Topics:
Mutual Inductance and capacitance
Coupled noise
Circuit Model
Transmission line matrices
Crosstalk Overview
Mutual Inductance and Capacitance
4
Zo
Zo
Zo
Zo
far far
Cm
Lm
Zs near
near
Zs
Zo
Zo
Crosstalk Overview
5
ICm
Lm ILm
Zs near near
Zs
Zo
Zo
I near = I Cm + I Lm I far = I Cm − I Lm
Crosstalk Overview
7
Far End
Driven Line
Un-driven Line
“victim”
Zs Near End
Driver Zo
Crosstalk Overview
8
Graphical Explanation
Time = 0 Near end crosstalk pulse at T=0 (Inear )
~Tr Near end
V crosstalk
Zo
TD
Time= TD
V
Zo Zo Far end of current
terminated at T=TD
Time = 2TD
V
Near end current
Zo
terminated at T=2TD
Zo
Crosstalk Overview
9
Crosstalk Equations TD
Zo Vinput LM C M
A= +
Terminated Victim Zo 4 L C
Far End TD = X LC
Driven Line
Open Victim
Vinput LM C M
A= +
4 L C
Far End
Driven Line
Un-driven Line
“victim” A 1
B B= C
C 2
Zs Near End
Driver Zo Tr ~Tr ~Tr Vinput X LC LM C M
C=− L − C
Tr
2TD
Crosstalk Overview
10
Crosstalk Equations TD
Crosstalk Overview
Creating a Crosstalk Model 11
“Equivalent Circuit”
K1 K1 K1 C12 (n)
C12 (1) C12 (2)
Line 2
L22 (1) C2G (1) L22 (2) C2G (2) L22 (N) C2G (N)
Crosstalk Overview
Creating a Crosstalk Model 12
Crosstalk Overview
Creating a Crosstalk Model 13
Example
Calculate near and far end crosstalk-induced noise magnitudes and sketch the
waveforms of circuit shown below:
v
R1 R2
Vsource=2V, (Vinput = 1.0V), Trise = 100ps.
Length of line is 2 inches. Assume all terminations are 70 Ohms.
Assume the following capacitance and inductance matrix:
9.869nH 2.103nH
L / inch =
2.103nH 9.869nH
2.051 pF 0.239 pF
C / inch =
0.239 pF 2.051 pF
L11 9.869nH
The characteristic impedance is: ZO = = = 69.4Ω
C11 2.051 pF
Therefore the system has matched termination.
Example (cont.)
Near end crosstalk voltage amplitude (from slide 12):
Vinput L12 C12 1V 2.103nH 0.239 pF
Vnear = + = 9.869nH + 2.051 pF = 0.082V
4 L11 C11 4
Thus,
Crosstalk Overview
100ps/div
16
Effect of Crosstalk on
Transmission line Parameters
Key Topics:
Odd and Even Mode Characteristics
Microstrip vs. Stripline
Modal Termination Techniques
Modal Impedance’s for more than 2 lines
Effect Switching Patterns
Single Line Equivalent Model (SLEM)
Crosstalk Overview
17
Even Mode
Odd Mode
V dI d (− I )
Drive (I) V = L + Lm
dt dt
Induced (-ILm ) I dI
Induced (ILm ) Lm = ( L − Lm)
dt
Drive (-I) -I
Crosstalk Overview
Odd Mode Transmission 19
I1 L11
Mutual Inductance:
Consider the circuit: + V1 - Lm
k=
I2 + V2 - L11 L22
dI 1 dI
V1 = LO + Lm 2
dt dt L22
dI dI
V2 = LO 2 + Lm 1
dt dt
Since the signals for odd-mode switching are always opposite, I1 = -I2 and
V1 = -V2, so that: V1 = LO dI 1 + Lm d (− I 1 ) = ( LO − Lm ) dI 1
dt dt dt
dI d (− I 2 ) dI
V2 = LO 2 + Lm = ( LO − Lm ) 2
dt dt dt
Thus, since LO = L11 = L22,
Lodd = L11 − Lm = L11 − L12
Impedance:
Thus the impedance for odd mode behavior is:
Lodd L11 − L12
Z odd = =
Codd C11 + C12
( Note : Z differential = 2 Z odd ) Explain why.
Propagation Delay:
and the propagation delay for odd mode behavior is:
Crosstalk Overview
Even Mode Transmission 22
Drive (I) I
Crosstalk Overview
Even Mode Transmission 23
L11
Mutual Inductance: I1
Again, consider the circuit: + V1 - Lm
dI dI k=
V1 = LO 1 + Lm 2 I2 + V2 - L11 L22
dt dt
dI dI L22
V2 = LO 2 + Lm 1
dt dt
Since the signals for even-mode switching are always equal and in the same
direction so that I1 = I2 and V1 = V2, so that:
dI1 d ( I1 ) dI
V1 = LO + Lm = ( LO + Lm ) 1
dt dt dt
dI d (I 2 ) dI
V2 = LO 2 + Lm = ( LO + Lm ) 2
dt dt dt
V2
Mutual Capacitance:
Again, consider the circuit: C1g Cm
C2g V2
dV1 d (V1 − V1 ) dV
I1 = CO + Cm = CO 1
dt dt dt
dV d (V2 − V2 ) dV
I 2 = CO 2 + C m = CO 2
dt dt dt
Crosstalk Overview
Even Mode Transmission 25
Impedance:
Thus the impedance for even mode behavior is:
Propagation Delay:
and the propagation delay for even mode behavior is:
Crosstalk Overview
26
V1
Odd mode (Line 1)
Line 1 Probe point
v1
v2 Line2
Crosstalk Overview
Microstrip vs. Stripline Crosstalk 27
Crosstalk Overview
Microstrip vs. Stripline Crosstalk 28
Er=4.2 Er=4.2
Er=4.2
Er=4.2
Crosstalk Overview
Microstrip vs. Stripline Crosstalk 30
Pi and T networks
Single resistor terminations described in chapter 2
do not work for coupled lines
3 resistor networks can be designed to terminate
both odd and even modes
Odd Mode +1 R1
T Termination
Equivalent
R1 R3 -1 R2
R2 Virtual Ground
in center
-1
+1 2R3
R1 = R2 = Z odd Even Mode R1
Equivalent
1
R3 = ( Z even − Z odd )
+1
2R3
R2
2 Crosstalk Overview
Termination Techniques 32
Pi and T networks
PI Termination
R1
R1
Odd Mode
+1 ½ R3
R3
Equivalent
-1 ½ R3
R2 R2
-1
+1 R1
R1 = R2 = Z even Even Mode
Equivalent +1 R2
Z even Z odd
R3 = 2
Z even − Z oddCrosstalk Overview