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ROCK MECHANICS II
ROCK MECHANICS CHARACTERISTIC
By
M. Firdaus, ST, MT
 Characteristics of rock mechanics
• Depend on :
– Natural of rock condition
– Rock stratigraph in location
– Deformity/ destruction of rock
– Test method
• Rock mechanics general characteristics :
– Hardness
– Durability
– Permeability
– Elasticity
– Plasticity
– Deformability
– strength
 Rock Failure Criteria
• Determine from laboratory testing:
– Maximum tensile stress
– Kriteria tresca (maximum shear stress)
– Kriteria coulomb
– Kriteria Mohr
– Kriteria griffith (brittle)
 Maksimum Tensile Stress Criteria
• The rock consider failure of brittle by a
consequences of tension effect.
• If used mayor strength (– σ3) so,

 3   t ult
 Maksimum Shear Stress Criteria
• Tresca criteria to act as isotropic materials,
ductile
• Behold on primary stress of σ1 & σ3
1   3
S   max 
• Dengan :
2
σ1 & σ3 : major & minor principal stress failure criteria (tresca) this are a
special case from Coulomb failure criteria
 Coulomb Failure Criteria
• Shear stress (s), follow coulomb law can be
written
S    c   n tg

where : τ = shear stress

 = internal shear angle
c = cohesion
For geometrical can be described :
Ket. Gbr : r – r = failure line area
t – t = tangent to mohr circle
σ1 – σ3 = mohr circle diameter
τ = S = shear stress
 1   3 1   3
n   cos 2
2 2

σ1 & σ3 : major and minor primary stress

α : failure angel of sample
1   3
 sin 2
2

If , c = 0 ----------- > S = τ = σn tg 

For geometrical can be describe :

Coulomb criteria, if c = o
If  = 0 --------->  3 (tresca citeria)
S   c  1
2

If σ3 = 0,
1
------------> S   c  ----> shear stress for cohesive material
2
σ=0
If to attent, so :
Coulomb criteria equivalent with mohr circle
failure line, can be witten :
1   3
sin  
 1   3  2 p1

 c. cot g
where p1 (initial stress for sample)
1   3
If c = 0, p1=0 ---> sin     
1 3
From the geometrical show,

2  90   atau   45 
2

theoretically -----> slide angel :   45 
2
 Rock Deformation
• Change of initial shape, or changes of volume
due to the use of external force for natural
rock, or by tektonicall force ( compression or
shear)
• Deformasi model in fields : folding, faulting.
• Stress strain diagram :
Elastic deformation for
material elastis in the
Stress strain diagram
described as straight line
Viscous deformation Plastic deformation for
For viscous material plastic, in the force
In the shear force diagram-deformation
diagram-rate of shear Described in the straight
Describe as straight line
 Work & Strain Energy
• Elastic material sample loaded sentrically
(compression or tension) ---> change of
length/ short (ΔL)
• Force P -> shows the mechanical work
ΔL -> extension/short of length due to force P
Wok partially changes -> heat energy ->
permanent deformation of the sample
In graphic, relation of ΔL
& P  line OF

P
Δ AOF -> axial work for Elastic sample   A : sample area straight P
A
Axial work = W = ΔAOF = ½ P.ΔL (N.m)
L
  ε : relative deformation or
L strain
L : initial length
1
(AOF ).V  . . .V  Strain energy
2 V : volume sampel
• Stress diagram – ideal strain for defining ductile
material
• For a specific stress σy (yield point-Y)  strain ε 
constant
• increasing σ (atau Δσ) proposional with strain (ε)
atau Δε
• Hooke’s law : σ = E.ε ; Δσ = E.Δε
where:


Hooke’s
E  coefficient or Modulus Elastisitas

Young Modulus-> shows materials stiffness
 Example
An examination for rock sample obtained the following result :
Stress (kPa) Axial Strain (%)
0 0 a. define elastic and plastic area
2200 1,05 b. define modulus of elasticity
3250 1,71 (E) for this rock sample
4140 3,22
4410 4,76
4390 6,51
4050 8,44
3700 10,40
3440 12,30
3330 14,30
3190 16,30
3080 20,40
 Change shape of rock sample by Grigos & Handin
(1960)

Failure due to tension Uniaxial compression Shear failure/

failure due to Unconfined compression
tension & shear test (triaxial)
 Triaxial Test of Rock

α
S (shear)
N (normal)
Fail sample

   n eff .tg  c
• Have to used for evaluate σn eff, τ,  & c. if
possible : α (sudut runtuh)
• Provide indirect shear stress. Shear stress (S) =
τ = σn eff. Tg+c
1   3 1   3
n   cos 2
2 2
1   3
  sin 2
2
• If
3  0
1 1 1
n   cos 2  (1  cos 2 )
2 2 2
 Example
Rock sample examine with triaxial test
apparatus, the following result :
Examine No. σ3 (Mpa) σ1 (Mpa)
1 1,0 9,6
2 5,0 28,0
3 9,5 48,7

Defining of c (cohesion) and  (internal friction

angel) that rock sample!
Mechanical test types of Rock