V It·s market value is around Rs.

1500

V Exactly Rs. 120

Clothes manufacturing is a billion dollar industry in

Tirpur, Tamil Nadu

×
V jperation Characteristic (jC) curve -
The Definition
V The idea of jC curves
V How does one construct an jC curve?
V An example of an jC curve
V Problem solving exercise

×

×
V ¦hat is an jperations Characteristics
Curve?
¾ raph used in quality control
¾ to determine the probability of accepting production lots
¾ when using different sampling schemes.

¾ It shows percentage-defectives along the horizontal ('X')

axis and
¾ probability of acceptance along the vertical ('Y') axis.
¾ Lots having more than the acceptable percentage of
defectives are rejected.

×
V ëelection of sampling plans

V Aids in selection of plans that are

effective in reducing risk

V Used to keep the high cost of inspection

down

×
¾ Accepting a batch of Tommy Hilfiger shirts

¾ Accepting a batch of steel springs used in

the manufacture of ëwiss watches

Ultimately used in cementing the overall

quality of a product, process or supplier.

×
V Type A
¾ ives the probability of acceptance for an
individual lot coming from finite production
V Type B
¾ ive the probability of acceptance for lots
coming from a continuous process.
¾ The curve is similar to Type A curve.
V Type C
¾ ive the long-run percentage of product
accepted during the sampling phase

×
V Y axis
¾ ives the probability that the lot will be
accepted (PA )
V X axis
¾ Draction Defective
V Pf is the probability of rejection, found by
1-PA

×
×
PA = The probability of acceptance
p = The fraction or percent defective (X axis)
PD or alpha = The probability of rejection
N = Lot size
n = The sample size
c = The maximum number of defects
AQL = Acceptable Quality Level
LQL = Limiting (Rejectable) Quality Level

×
V The acceptance number and sample
size are most important factors.
V Decreasing the acceptance number is
preferred over increasing sample size.
V The larger the sample size the steeper
the curve.

×
×

V By changing the
acceptance
level, the shape of
the curve will
change. All
curves permit the
same fraction of
sample to be
nonconforming.

×
V Two ¦ays of Calculating jC Curves
¾ Binomial Distribution
¾ Poisson formula
 P(A) = ( (np)^A * e^-np)/A !

×
V Binomial Distribution
¾ Cannot be used in general because:
 Binomials are based on constant probabilities.
 N is not infinite
 p changes
However, there are some cases in which these
curves can be used

¾ But we can use something else.

×
V A Poisson formula can be used
¾ P(A) = ((np)^A * e^-np) /A !
V Poisson is a limit
¾ Limitations of using Poisson
 n<= 1/10 total batch N
 Little faith in probability calculation when n is quite small
and p quite large.
V ¦e will use Poisson charts to make this
easier.

×
V Dind your sample size, n
V Dind your fraction defect p
V Multiply n*p
VA=d
V Drom a Poisson table find your PA

×
V N = 1000 O


V n = 60
 

V p = .01 


V A=3


V Dind PA for p = .01,
.02, .05, .07, .1, and 



.12?  



×
V A company that produces push rods for
engines in cars.
V A powdered metal company that need
to test the strength of the product when
the product comes out of the kiln.
V The accuracy of the size of bushings.

×
V MRC is an engine company that builds
the engines for ABC cars. They are use a
control policy of inspecting 15% of
incoming lots and rejects lots with a
fraction defect greater than 3%. Dind
the probability of accepting the
following lots:

× 
1. A lot size of 300 of which 5 are
defective.
2. A lot size of 1000 of which 4 are
defective.
3. A lot size of 2500 of which 9 are
defective.
4. Use Poisson formula to find the answer
to number 2.

×
ëims ëoftware purchases DVDs from DVD
International. The DVDs are packaged in lots of
1,000 each. Todd ëims, president of ëims
ëoftware, has agreed to accept lots with 10
percent or fewer defective DVDs. Todd has
directed his inspection department to select a
random sample of 20 DVDs and examine them
carefully. He will accept the lot if it has two or
fewer defectives in the sample. Develop an jC
curve for this inspection plan. ¦hat is the
probability of accepting a lot that is 10 percent
defective?

×

This type of sampling is called Õ
 Õ

because the sampled item, a DVD in this
case, is classified as acceptable or
unacceptable.

Let — represent the actual proportion defective

in the population.
 The lot is good if —  .10.
 The lot is bad if — ´ .10.

Let u be the number of defects in the sample.

The decision rule is:
 Accept the lot if u  2.
 Reject the lot if u â 3.

× 
The binomial distribution is used to compute the various values
on the jC curve. Recall that the binomial has four
requirements:
1. There are only two possible outcomes. Here the DVD is either
acceptable or unacceptable.
2. There is a fixed number of trials. In this instance the number of
trials is the sample size of 20.
3. There is a constant probability of success. A success is finding
a defective DVD. The probability of success is assumed to be
.10.
4. The trials are independent. The probability of obtaining a
defective DVD on the third one selected is not related to the
likelihood of finding a defect on the fourth DVD selected.

× 
× 
To begin we determine the probability of accepting a lot that is 5
percent defective. This means that —= .05, u
2, and 
20. Drom
the Excel output, the likelihood of selecting a sample of 20 items
from a shipment that contained 5 percent defective and finding
exactly 0 defects is .358. The likelihood of finding exactly 1 defect is
.377, and finding 2 is .189. Hence the likelihood of 2 or fewer defects
is .924, found by .358 +.377 + .189. This result is usually written in
shorthand notation

( 2 | — = .05 and 
20) = .358 + .377 + .189 = .924

The likelihood of accepting a lot that is actually 10 percent defective is

.677.
( 2 | — = .10 and 
20) = .122 + .270 + .285 = .677

The complete jC curve in the next slide shows the smoothed curve for
all values of between 0 and about 30 percent.

× 
× 
Doty, Leonard A. ë
 
 
   . New York, NY:
Industrial Press INC, 1996.
Grant, Eugene L. and Richard S. Leavenworth. ë
 


    . New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies
INC, 1996.
Griffith, Gary K. 
 
 


 . Engle
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996.
Summers, Donna C. S. 
 . Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice Hall, 1997.
Vaughn, Richard C. 
    . Ames, IA: The Iowa State
University, 1974.

×