UAVworkshop2 v1

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UTILIZATION OF UAV’s FOR

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH
A Summary and Synthesis of Workshop 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Overview Page 2
Draft Vision Statement Page 3
Missions: Overview Page 4
Missions: Climate Page 5
Missions: Land & Ocean Surface Page 7
Missions: Global Observations Page 10
Missions: Atmospheric Observations Page
Technology: Overview Page 16
Technology: Platforms Page 17
Technology: Instrumentation Page 22
Technology: Operations Page 27
Technology: Data and Communications Page 29
Gaps, Roadmaps & Vision: Overview Page
Gaps & Roadmaps Page 32
Ideas for Joint NASA/NOAA/DOE Programs Page 35
Ideas for Innovative UAV Uses Page 36
UAV-Enabled Global Observation System Page 37
Ideas for Next Steps Page 38
Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research

Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004
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Overview
What we have in common forms the basis of our collaboration - the focus
on the goals developed in our first workshop in San Diego. From there,
there is no limit to what we can do.
On December 7th and 8th, 2004, DOC/NOAA Forecast Systems

Laboratory (FSL), NASA Science and Aeronautics Research Mission
Directorates, and DOE Office of Science sponsored the second in a series
of workshops on the Utilization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Global
Climate Change Research. Participants from NASA, NOAA, and the
Department of Energy gathered together with researchers, scientists,
engineers and industry representatives to build upon the work completed
in the first workshop.
This session began with a series of presentations about the program

objectives of the three agencies, about the requirements for a research
program, and about the current capabilities of UAVs. The group then
became familiar with the 11 science goals developed in the first workshop.
Participants expanded upon these missions, clarifying the observations
needed for each as well as when and where these observations would
need to take place.
The group then looked at the technology and operations as well as the
gaps and roadmaps needed to realize these goals. Finally we used a
current NASA RFI document to drive some of the groups to put an outline
together for a few of the goals while other groups looked at the next steps
in the collaboration to move the group to realizing the objective of a global
climate change observation system.
This document is a summary of the group’s work.

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Draft Vision Statement
“UAV’s bridge the gap between Earth and space to understand and protect our planet.”
Elements of a Mission Statement Proposed Presentation Format for

• Economy and Early Warning (Climate) NASA/NOAA/DOE Collaboration
• Fill Critical Gaps in Earth Observing System
• UAV Critical Role in Integrated Global Observing System Why is this important?
(enabler and integrator) • Vision: Drawn from CCSP, GEOSS, IEOS, IORS, USCOP
• US Leadership (opportunity to lead in aerospace and global • Examples: Arctic, Hurricane Tracking and Prediction
observation) • Compelling, visceral story that motivates the important of
• UAV’s as Available Capability for Monitoring climate change and prediction
• UAV’s can Deliver Unique Scientific Measurements
• Magnify the Value of Existing Investments (satellites) How can we make a difference?
• Consistent with current administration climate thrust (but not
uniquely linked to this administration)
• Magnify value of current investments (satellites, piloted
platforms, ground observations)
• Address gaps in current capabilities (examples…)
• Provide new and unique capabilities (examples…)
• Current agencies’ programs and opportunities for
collaboration and efficiency
How much will it cost?

• We will need to have some estimate of the cost and
benefits from the proposed collaboration.

4
Missions: Overview
Context
In the first round of work, groups reviewed the focus
areas identified in the first workshop: Climate, Land &
Ocean Surface, Global Observations, and Atmospheric
Observations. Out of these groups, small teams then
delved into the science goals that had been defined
under each focus area. For each science goal, the
teams were asked to define what needed to be
measured, when it needed to be measure, how often
and for how long?

5
Missions: Climate I of II
Science Goal: Understand and quantify sensitivities of climate to forcings
and feedbacks.
Forcings: solar, CO2, CH4, N2O, CFCs, O3
Feedbacks: clouds, H2O(v) , albedo, aerosols, oceans, O3
Unique Requirements: insitu, sustained, systematic, diurnal, over

oceans We want to make any use of UAVs with anything
that's already in existence in addition to using the first
Integration with: ARM networks, satellites, models, ocean observing, 3 ARM sites. We agreed 20 km is critical to the
measurements we want. We'd like to see 5 flight days
radiosonde, lidar taking place in each location for each of the 4
seasons. The flight days should be spread out over a
Spatial: ARM—arctic, mid-continent -100km + flexibility (access to few weeks. We designed our dream suite of
remote regions); Up to 20km (up and down to surface instruments. We got into an interesting discussion
about accuracy. We agreed that we could address
Temporal: diurnal - min. 5/flight days across 3 weeks; full seasonal 4 more science if any of the instruments were improved
upon. We agreed that we could have progress in all
times per year; simultaneity these areas by adding to the instrument suite that
was previously designed. We can do work in urban
Instruments: H2O(v) insitu; TP; B.B. SW+LW; Particle Probe; Radar areas as well as in albedos.
(particle reflectivity); Lidar (small particle reflectivity); Microwave
radiometer (profiles); Infra-red spectrometer; Wind lidar; Dropsondes
(GPS, T,P,W); Electrification (field probes) mid-latitude
Special Cases: aerosols - urban volcanoes; albedo - polar
Priorities: clouds, H2O, aerosols, albedo

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Missions: Climate II of II
Science Goal: Sources and sinks of CO2 & methane (quantify and
locate natural and anthropogenic)
Observations Required Where? UAV When? How Often? • UAVs coordinated with surface
Observations and orbital assets and models
Condintions of: -regional - continental Diurnal - Sat. overpasses • UAVs alone
CO2, CO, CH4, O2, in ? layer scale - over ocean and monthly -
land seasonal
-- vertical profiles (0-5km)
-land cover/land use change
-- Amazon
-- surface temperature biogeochemistry (? CH4)
(ocean/land)
-- Southern ocean (south We looked at where UAVs would have the
-- winds
pacific) most impact. We tried to understand
-- ocean color processes and thought the most utility here
-- 3 ARM sites
-- atmospheric temperature would be closer to the boundary layer. We
-Eastern pacific Upwelling
-- fossil sources Zones would understand how things get into the
-- parameters controlling -- Arctic freeze/thaw line troposphere. There's a list of potential
photosynthesis (Barrow ARM site) campaigns in the short-term, over the next 5
-- soil moisture years. We would focus on the Amazon, the
-- Regional CH4 campaign
-- snow, ice, water coverage southern ocean, and the ARM sites, as well
— Amazon, Tundra,
as a couple of sites listed here. This all led us
-- CO2 (drop buoys) Aglands (ie rice),
Geologic(?) to a possible campaign is this unknown
source of methane. It's not confounded by
-- Fossil source campaign
(?) large diurnal cycles. We didn't get very far in
the 'When' and 'How Often' categories. We
did talk about the North America campaign
and we'd like to get involved in some
intensive campaign.
Rationale: CH4 is easier to measure than CO2; UAVs can help in process studies; less natural
variability; CH4 strong CHC; shorter residenc time /nd

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Missions: Land & Ocean Surface I of III
Science Goal: How is the biosphere changing?
Types of Measurements When Where

1. Multispectral (imaging) 1-20km 1. Triggered episodic meas 1. Keep track of interfaces (coastal zone;
2. Hyperspectral sometimes (imaging) 1-20km (minit?) forest/tundra; sky Islands (desert
2. Scheduled eposodic sandstorms); altitude change; irrigated vs.
3. Florescense high resolution (temp/sp) triggered 200m
(seasonal/annual) arid; surface ocean temperature;
4. In-situ fluxes 30m
cal / val GPP, DOC, turbidity
5. DiAL 30m - 10km
3. Diurnal (fluxes, Ocean Bio) Coral blocking
6. Laser (dobbler) for wind 30m - 10km 4. Wetlands extent / change
7. Soil moisture u-wave (passive/active) 3-20km
What Where When/how often/ duration/ synchrony
Land use / land cover Global All year / seasonally / range to target) close to satellite pass (cal/val)
interface
Ecosystem condition Specific ecosystems worldwide Diurnal to seasonal (many synchronous measurements) (intensive
observation period simplified for monitoring)
All seasons
Event - triggered Location of event (global reach) Event duration (multi-parameter)

stressor, transport, receptors) Response time important
Maybe pre-event if forecast

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Missions: Land & Ocean Surface II of III
Science Goal: Decrease uncertainties in models (CO2 emission regions;
CH4 emission regions)
Understanding processes (regional variability; short-term variation)
The gas emissions from the surface have reactions to the climate
What: CO2; H2O; CH4 change. How does the natural emission of CO2 change in
response to the climate change? Is it positive or negative
From this: regions explored - typical for validation; feedback?
extremes for exploration One of the things you want to do is have prediction of these
processes. There are already models that can do this and we want
Observation Strategy: define boundary layer (ocean, to decrease the uncertainties in these models. We want to pick
land, smooth, rough, wind speed) areas that are particularly sensitive to change.
Technology development: miniaturization; multiple We agreed that understanding the processes are important for
sondes (or mini-UAVs); mini-gliders? understanding the scale. What you see from satellites is what is
really happening. To understand the detail, UAVs play a very
Fundamental Issues: intermediate scale between important role. The regions typical for validation are where we
satellite and high flying aircraft and jeep; work on want to start. The fundamental issues that emerge from our
discussion is that we need the intermediate scale between satellite
natural laboratories (investigator-driver) and aircraft so we can fill in the gaps of the picture we have right
now. We're looking for natural laboratories where we can do
investigative work to improve our understanding of the processes.

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Missions: Land & Ocean Surface III of III
Science Goal: Characterization (shifts/changes) of frozen part (cryosphere)
of water cycle earth surface (ocean & land) in response to climate change
Objectives: Trending (baseline) - total frozen reservoir (global/annual change/regional); Measure
surface area, depth, density; Understanding response & feedback (energy cycle - solar + current and
drivers); Focus on bellweather areas (visually/active areas - reasonable time space - high rate of
change)
Cryosphere
Observations Here is a pathway where we think about how UAVs play into
the mix. We suggest that UAVs be in areas where we need
• Sea ice - arctic/antarctic (moderate variability) (5–10% of ocean)
frequent repeats and high resolution. We think that UAVs
• Glacier - mountains/coastal (least variable)
will need long duration. They don't particularly high altitude.
• Snow fields/pack - mountains (highly variable) We'll need to get into understanding of what drives the
changes we see. We need surface area depth and density.
• Perma frost (frozen soil moisture) - interface to biology
Topic Position Altitude When How often Duration Coverage/resolution

Sea Ice Arctic/antarctic Sea Level Seasonal Monthly FLT tracks Continental scale - 1km
(polar) (summer/winter) to (Re TBD)
monthly
Glacier (moves) Mountains Mountain top (20k Seasonal Monthly FLT tracks 100m
(high latitude) feet+) (21cm /year) (year/decade) (Re TBD)
Snow field (fixed) Mountains Mountain top Annual Annual FLT tracks 100km
(high latitude) (20k feet) (thorough)? (Re TBD)
Snow pack (melts Mountains Mountain top Seasonally Weekly 1km

annually)

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Missions: Global Observation I of III
Science Goal: Improve high impact weather forecasts
We came up with the idea of CORTS. This stands for calibration for real time system. Using UAVs help in research mode to generate
algorithms to calculate things like ice fluxes. You're using a UAV to calibrate a remotely sensed object, like radar and satellite to spread
the knowledge over a wider area. You do that within an intensive observation period. This is not just for one UAV, but also for a swarm
of them.
Measurements Where should they be When? Frequency? Duration? Taken
Required taken? simultaneously?
State variables Fill in data voids Ongoing Routine On-going (BCWST)

Adaptively observed 1-5 days as required
T, u, V, q, (p), (h) Model driven hours - 1 day Best coincide with
Event driven contingency Up to 60 minutes notice as
required Event driven mins - hours synoptic time
Cloud properties Calibration for real time IOP Intense Correlated with other measurements I.e. radar, satellite
(callibrate satellite & system (CORTS) - observations periods UAV swarms during IOPs
radar)
possibly operational
Liquid/ice
concentrations Altitude Sensor & Mission Dependant
Precipitation CORTS
Forecast Improvement
Land surface CORTS
Ocean surface CORTS (long)

properties
Cost
Ice properties CORTS
Aerosols CORTS
Events
O3 - as an indicator CORTS 20k 40k 60k

of P.V. Events UAV Altitude (ft)

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Missions: Global Observation II of III
Science Goal: Improve prediction of climate variability and change
Where • resolution What When • sustained

• distribution • weekly updates for
verified profiles
• regions
• hourly for cloud We're looking to put 200-400 global
• seasonal variability
State: State parameters (time and •Pseudo-random, diurnal seasonal station points as a good start. We talked
•Tropopause to surface geospatial) •Goal - 8/day - 1/wk
about having them above the surface.
Temperature, pressure, (water We see them at 300 m intervals above
–Including boundary layer •Duration: 4yr minimum (demo) -
vapor) multi-decade (operations) the surface. There is a special case of
•300m intervals
aerosols. It probably would be more
–30m for B.L.
concentrated in industrial areas.
•Pseudo-distribution
(200 - 400 points) We talked about what kind of time
resolution and we had a goal of taking 8
Below cloud cover Aerosols: optical •(start) revisit every 72 hours every measurements a day and could cover the
Satellite queing profiles/profile scattering grid point diurnal cycles.
Industrial regions (200 point geo) Need to capture effects of
aerosols on clouds/ •For clouds diurnal in the tropics We felt the UAVs offer a lot to this kinds
Courser sampling (100m - 500m
precipitation (particle size, of system, especially in the vertical
distribution, macro view measurements. It might take 4 years to
UAV roles: Gaps:
Trace gases: O3, CH4, CO2 (< do a demo phase to put this system
•Anchoring satellite measurements 1ppm accuracy) •Atmospheric only
together. We're planning the system for
•Gap filling Water vapor: upper •Radiative budget (longwave,
shortwave) five years from now.
tropospheric measurement
Clouds: life cycle, coverage, •Correlation with modelers and
optical depth, instruments in 5 years
albedo/reflectivity, vertical
profile

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Missions: Global Observation III of III
Science Goal: Critical physical processes: storms, climate change
trends We want UAVs
What? Where? When? Why?/Why UAV? which can fly long
distances, which
Info for global climate models Diurnals 12 months Small scale measurements preclude manned
Long platforms missions. Mars
Continuous - need (10) cycles Long distance covers thousands
2008 2018 of kilometers in
Aerosols - in situ range. The
Arctic >10km - s awe place vertical question
2008
<10km - lead 1000’s km is important to
Clouds that extent we're
Precipitation Transects looking at
Geo sat tracks 100m scale something like 50
=OP -50mb millibars in
Why not now? curtain resolution to go
Radiation uAV after the aerosol
Winds
(short/long) question.
Need to reduce risk We want to do

UAV to instrument? that over time for
Cost of ??? 2008 2009 t,x about 10 years. In
Temperature/time
2x day / 10yrs the Pacific, we'd
still be going for
H2O Next Data systems vertical movement
O3
over long spatial
Pacific sensors scales.
Merging of
CO2
2008/2015 data
Warm pool - N. of
Australia
Everything Everywhere All the time

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Missions: Atmospheric Observation I of III
Science Goal: Quantify change in the chemical composition of the atmosphere
What Observed Where? When? How Often? Duration? Taken simultaneously?
Lat Alt
Air quality Midlat 0-40k ft All year Daily

(surface to BL) Hourly events
Strataspheric Ozone Polar tropopause All seasons ≥ Weekly Profile No

Midlat -> 30km
Tropics
Tropospheric Ozone Polar tropopause All seasons - daily Profile No

Midlat remote & Dial
Tropics polluted
Long-lived gases Polar surface All seasons Weekly Profile No

C02, CH4, N20 Midlat lower strat
Herb? - HFCs Tropics (25km)
Water vapor Polar upper trop All seasons Weekly Profile No

Midlat lower strat
Tropics
Reactive gases Polar surface State variables

NOx, SOx, CO Midlat lower strat
Tropics
Highly reactive Polar polluted & All seasons intermittent

OH, HO2, NO, NO2 Midlat remote trop
Tropics
Aerosol size, number, Polar polluted & All seasons Daily - weekly Profiles No
composition Midlat remote trop
Tropics
Radioactive fluxes Polar upper trop All seasons intermittent Profiles No

Midlat lower strat
Tropics

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Missions: Atmospheric Observation II of III
Science Goal: Figure out the role of aerosols in global warming
Possibly using dropsondes to create

profiles to measure the chemical in the
atmosphere. There is a whole different
chemistry in carbonaceous aerosols. These
could be distributed in a number of
platforms. This could be focused around the
boundary layer.
The last group included aerosols like
volcanic eruptions. Again, for these we
need to get in close to the source, so of
course the UAVs will be key. These would
be smaller UAVs.
Observation Location Temporal Simultaneous Instruments
Marine Coastal margin Routine monitoring Profiles Mass spec

S I.TC2 - Tropical Weekly spectrometers
Isotopes
Urban Industrial (localized) Routine Lidar(s)

C 20-60k ft profiles (mixed Weekly Doplar lidar
layer)
Events Localized Episodic (on demand) Dropsondes

S • volcanoes 60k ft profiles
C • wildfires
• dust

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Missions: Atmospheric Observation III of III
Science Goal: Role of water vapor & cloud-radiative feedback
(predictability and climate control)
We subdivided the topic into three major areas. We subdivided even further under one of these. We expanded the scope of it a bit. The blue
comments are from the initial discussion. The red comments are about the instruments. The green comments are from visitors who came by. We
appreciate those and tried to incorporate them as much as possible.
What? Where? When? How Often? Duration? Simultaneous? How? (instrument)

H2O Concentration Vert: Surf to lower strat Uniform sample + 6 hour sampling Storm: week Temp; U, V, W, Mixing ratio (2%)
•Ice (20km) targeted observation (background) Climate: long Turbulence; (laser hygrometer)
Horiz: Everywhere (e.g. monsoon) 1 hour duration profiling (INS/GPS All-weather carole (king)
•Mixed phase Pressure
conc. on oceanic (event driven) (12-24 hrs) )
•Liquid (BAT)
•Water vapor/flux (0.1°C
accuracy)
Cloud Characterization •global (%cover) 10’s of Uniform sample + 6 hour sampling •Days to week Temp; U, V, W, Satellite obs
•Cloud extent km targeted observation •Frequent Turbulence; In situ
•Cloud types •Subgrid scale (<1km) 1 hour (event measurements over Pressure Remote sensors
(10’s m u physics driven) extended time
•Microphysical properties UAV: help to bridge - radar
period
(% cloud cover - between more - lidar
•Spacial sampling extensive radar and
•Cloud profiles (temp, phase)•Cloud (10’s of meters) might not be
over a long path All weather capable
adequate satellites
(instrument miniatures &
characterization
power c?)
)
Cloud radiometric properties Representative cloud Periodic Sample life cycle of Same Broadband & specially
types (seasonal) cloud type Satellite and surface resolved vis & IR
Above and below measurements (radiance and irradiance)
clouds
Satellite Global Periodic IOP Hours to days Satellite observations INS/GPS

H2O & winds Via focused UAV (seasonal) (as above) Laser/hygro
cal/val observations

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Technology: Overview
Context
In the next round of work, each team pored over the
science goals defined in the morning to discover the
requirements for a specific technology: Platforms,
Instrumentation, Operations and Data &
Communications.
Assignment
Look across the science goals and each observation
(there may be several observations within each goal),
and identify any solutions that may be required for the
technology that you have been assigned. Also note
any special capabilities or properties needed. Finally,
identify/document any assumptions you’ve made.

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Technology – High Altitude Platform
Issues State of the Art
Performance Global Hawk 60,000 ft 36 hours
• 40,000ft + Altair 50,000 ft 32 hours
• Ceiling
• Vertical Profiling Innovative Concepts
• Payload (mass, volume, power) Helios 100,000 ft 12 hours – week
• Range Zephyr 50-100k ft weeks - months
• Endurance
• Cruise Speed
• Payload Environment (stability, thermal,
vibration)
Lifecycle Cost
Deployability – no significant runway limitations
Operability
• All Weather
•Icing
•Turbulence
•Crosswinds (landing and take off)
• Autonomy
• Global Airspace
• Over-the-Horizon Command & Control
• Reliability (MTBF > 20-50k hours)
Environmental - propulsion

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Technology – High Altitude Platform
Missions Altitude Endurance Repetition P/L Speed
Climate
Sensitivity to Forcings 20km 24 hours
CO2 Sources & Sinks 24 hours

Atmospheric
Chemical Composition 30km Week-months
Role of Aerosols 18.5km

Water Vapor & Cloud 20km 24 hours – week Stable platform<100 knots
Radiative Feedback
Global
Climate Variability & Surface – Week-months 72 hours “Dropsonde” Long range

Change 20km class
High Impact Weather “DASN &
Forecasts Loiter”?
Critical Physical
Processes
Ocean & Land Surface
Models & Predictions 20km 24 hours

Cryosphere Responsive N/A
Feedback
Gas
= Capability unique to UAV’s

19
Technology – Mid-Altitude Platform
Assumptions General Capabilities Needed
• 25,000-30,000 ft
• Can use heavier instrument suites UAV-Unique
• Robust • Robustness for turbulence
• Dropsondes critical capability • Long endurance – trans-oceanic & loitering
• Quick-look data Flight Characteristics
• Multi-use or tailored • Structure similar to regional aircraft
Others • Slow speed & high resolution
• Rapid response Command & Control
• Loitering • Distributed basing for global coverage
• Cal/Val • “Over the horizon” communications
• Gap filling Payload
• Large & reconfigurable (i.e. antennae)
• Variable size for specific missions
Missons
• Tailored aircraft specific to mission & grid
High Impact Weather
• Autonomy
• Tailored mission
• Quick-look data is key here
• Diurnal fire monitoring
• Command & Control – rapid response
Atmospheric Composition
• Flight characteristics – variable short/fast
climb rate
Cryosphere
• Flight characteristics – de-icing for
polar/cold environments

20
Technology – Low Altitude Platform = Capability unique to UAV’s
Missions < 25,000 ft Existing Flight Char- Command & Endurance Range
Platform acteristics Control
Sensitivity to Forcings P-3, Twin Otter, C- LDS, Satellites & 5 days for 1000 km
Climate
130 Autonomous 3 weeks
CO2 Sources & Sinks P-3, Twin Otter, C- Ship Launch, Vertical LDS, Satellites & Up to many diurnal Process – 100’s of km
130 Profiling Autonomous cycles Monitoring – 1000’s of km
Chemical Composition P-3, Twin Otter, C- Vertical Profiling LDS, Satellites & Up to many diurnal Process – 100’s of km
Atmospheric
130 Autonomous cycles Monitoring – 1000’s of km
Role of Aerosols P-3, Twin Otter, C- Vertical Profiling LDS, Satellites & Up to many diurnal Process – 100’s of km
Water Vapor & Cloud Radiative P-3, Twin Otter, C- LDS, Satellites & Up to many diurnal Process – 100’s of km
Feedback 130 Autonomous cycles Monitoring – 1000’s of km
Global
Climate Variability & Change P-3, Twin Otter, C- LDS, Satellites & Up to many diurnal Process – 100’s of km
High Impact Weather Forecasts P-3, Twin Otter, C- Ship Launch LDS, Satellites & Up to many diurnal Process – 100’s of km
Radiosonde
Critical Physical Processes P-3, Twin Otter, C- Hand Launch LDS, Satellites & 5 days for 1000 km
Models & Predictions P-3, Twin Otter, C- Ship Launch LDS, Satellites & 5 days for 1000 km

Ships, Buoys
Cryosphere Responsive P-3, Twin Otter, C- Ship Launch LDS, Satellites & 5 days for 1000 km
Feedback 130 Autonomous 3 weeks
Gas

21
Technology – Low Altitude Platform
Missions < 25,000 ft Payload Autonomy Multi-use vs. Coverage Data
Unique Mission Issues Storage
Sensitivity to Forcings Small-to-large scale Stringent Operation Standardization Short & long Large Capacity
Climate
In situ & remote Procedures ranges
CO2 Sources & Sinks Operation in NAS Multi-use

System
Chemical Composition Stringent Operation Standardization

Atmospheric Global
Procedures
Role of Aerosols
Water Vapor & Cloud Radiative
Feedback
Climate Variability & Change

High Impact Weather Forecasts
Critical Physical Processes

Models & Predictions
Cryosphere Responsive
Feedback
Gas
Interfaces: Other systems; Vehicles (formation flying & mother/daughter); platforms, instruments, ground systems, science systems

22
Technology – Remote Sensing Instrumentation
Focus Areas Measures Remote Sensors
Passive Hyperspectral – multi-angle, polarmetric spectrometer (aerosol
Climate, Aerosols < 100m(?) properties)
Atmospheric, & (OD, SSA, Size, Distance, Concentration,
Composition)
Global Narrow band radiometer? (CO2?)
Trace Gasses – Vertical + Column
(CO2, CH4, O3, H2O, N2O CFC’s, gradients in
flux) Hyperspectral Spectrometer (ocean color, vegetation type)
Clouds > 100m(?)

(OD, particle microphysics, cloud state variables) Active Lidar Infrared – H2O, CO2, Winds
Visible – clouds, ice surface, aerosols, ocean

State Variables color, canopy structure
(T, W, P, RH)
UV – O3, winds
Radiation
(Albedo, flux)
Radar Measurable – atmospheric ice (?)
H2O
(Gas profiles, rain) S Band – Precipitation
Ocean & Land Ice – SA, Depth, Density
Surface C, Ka, L, P Band – ice sheets, canopy levels
Vegetation Type - % land cover
Long-wave – ice depth
Coastal T, NPP, DPC, TSS
Sea Salinity, Soil Moisture Doppler – cloud structure
Laser Chlorophyll, vegetation stress (?)
(pemp probe?)

23
Technology – Remote Sensing Instrumentation
UAV ? Mission Design Issues

• Cloud, aerosol and gas issues cannot likely be completely address by
remote sensors. (Ocean and land issues probably can.) We need to
device a coordinated fleet mission.
• Passive sensors are typically small mass/volume – they can use HALE
• Active sensors are typically larger mass/volume. Most science

questions requiring active remote sensors do not need high altitude –
they can use LALE or MALE)

24
Technology – In Situ Instrumentation
Instruments Required for Physical Sampling
Gas Chrometograph
Mass Spectrometer
Spectometry (Optical)
Ion Mobility Spectrometer
Microeletcromagnetical Sensors
Intertial Navigation/Pitot Tube
Filtering/ Physical Collection
Radiometers
Cloud Microphysics Sensors
Nephelometers
Imagers
Extratometer (??)
Evaporative Heating/ Cooling
FSSP
Cryogenic/ Chilled Mirror
Cavity Ringdown Spectrometer
Aerosol Hydration/ Vox
Field Mills
Dropsondes
Various X X X X X X ?
Sampled Items
Chemical
Species
Water Vapor/ X X X X X
RH
Aerosols X X X X X X X X X X
Temperature & X X
Pressure
Cloud X X X X X X X
Microphysics &
Properties
Winds & X X X
Turbulence
Radiative Field
Isotopes
# of sensors is application-dependant. Sensor type is UAV Platform-dependant.
X X
Electric Field X
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Technology – In Situ Instrumentation (Adaptation I of II)
Instruments
Gas Chrometograph
Mass Spectrometer
Radiometers
Nephelometers
Imagers
Extratometer (??)
FSSP
Field Mills
Dropsondes
UAV Adaptation Issues
Size
X X X X X X X X X
Power
X X X X X X X X X X X
Mass
X X X X X X X X X ? X
Remote / Autonomous
Ops
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Telemetry X X
Access to Clean Air
Stream
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Field of View X X
ALL INSTRUMENT PROBES
RFI / EMI
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Icing
X

26
Technology – In Situ Instrumentation (Adaptation II of II)
Instruments
Gas Chrometograph
Mass Spectrometer
Radiometers
Nephelometers
Imagers
Extratometer (??)
FSSP
Field Mills
Dropsondes
ALL INSTRUMENT PROBES
UAV Adaptation Issues
Speed
Condensation
Environment
(Pressure/Temp)
X X X X X X ?
Servicing
X X X X
Long Flight Duration
X X
Cost – Devel. X X X X X X X X
Cost – O&M X X
Data Storage/
Processing
Instrument/UAV
Platform Comms.

27
Technology – Platform Operations
Terms
• C3 = BLOS (oth), LOS (20km radius)
• Avail = Sorty rate, deployability (local, regional, global
• Intensive Observation Period (IOP)
• Fleet Size/Mix = platform collaborations Reach Sort & Gen Fleet SME/Mix
• Mother/daughter = “local” ops Rate Avail (?) Collaboration
• Formation Flight = “Local Ops”
• “Local” = LOS
Local LOS Upon Demand Small platforms/ to many
• OnBoard = IMM – Intelligent Mission Management
(cont. management), Level of Autonomy
• Ground Station = dedicated GCS with data “network” Regional 10P
• IA Collaboration =
• Ops - contract vehicles/ FLT services – “low”
• R&D – joint NASA/NOAA/DOE – “oftens”/high Global BLOS Hi Cont Few/many
•(e.g. NASA operates platform)
• Air Space – “File & Fly” (globally, equivalent to piloted)
• Affordability =
• ACQ = f(capability)
• OPS = $400/hour
• Multi A/C per operator

28
Technology – Integrated Observing Operations
Integrate ground, sub-orbital and orbital How does UAV integration differ from existing
observation systems field operations?
• Weather Forecasting: event-driven vs. continuous • Safety and regulatory issues not uniformly settled or
• Fill data voids (routine) – 4D sounding over addressed globally
ocean and high latitudes • Integration with manned aircraft (safety)
• Bases should be distributed appropriately (100’s • Extended UAV endurance – 24-7 if possible
of observations per day) • 24-7 staff on ground
• Launch UAV’s on regular schedule, adjustable • Satellite data link – SMB/s
tracks, from surface to thousands of meters • Extensive onboard storage
• Severe Weather – Surge of extra vehicles • Hazardous conditions ok away from people
• Proactively address safety/regulation as NASA:
UNITE/ACCESS 5
Consistencies Across Focus Areas
• Long Endurance
• Remote and/or dangerous areas
• Similar data types
• State quantities
• Chemical compounds
• Link satellite and surface data
• Measure similar parameters

29
Technology - Data
Weather Chemistry Climate Change Episodic
Forecasting (Mid-term) (Long-term) (IOP)
(Short-term)
Standards Depends on Instrument Survey existing
Start with existing standards for A/C standards
WMO, BUFR or EOS
Scientific Uses Weather forecasting GCM trends Transport and process models Varies
Long-term trend models
Processing Sustained RF to target for adaptive < 3months

Timely: < 3hours measurements
Reas.: < 3months
Integration
USP Community Formats – spatial & temporal tagging
End User Data Assim. Centers GCM Community Survey End Users
Chemists Expand End Users
Not yet for regulators
Archiving Level 0 data need Quality-controlled data Metadata are critical Survey End Users
to be archived Long-term stability Expand End Users
NMO Best Practices
Must survey end users for standards, storage and archiving needs.
Learn from the past – there is never sufficient funds allocated for data acquisition
analysis and archiving
Downloading data from remote locations

30
Technology - Communications
End UsersAccess Timeliness Range Data Scenarios
Volume • Weather Prediction
Operational Real time Long Low • Low bandwidth and volume
Modeling • Real time
Centers • Researchers / Disaster Management
Public Security Real time – Days • Real Time
• Med-High bandwidth
• Researchers / Model Developers
Model Days – Months Medium High • Very high data volume
Developers • Not real time
Researcher Security Real time – Days Medium High
Disaster Security Real time Short – Medium Medium

Managers
UAV Operators Real time Short - Long Low
Standards – There are no new data from UAV’s. Standards are in place.
Bandwidth – Some tradeoff between bandwidth and on-board processing
There are limitations to bandwidth based on telemetry.

31
Gaps, Roadmaps & Vision: Overview
Context
In the final two rounds of work, teams focused on a
variety of topics. Several groups worked to identify
technology gaps and to develop roadmaps to address
those gaps. Other teams worked on the vision for a
joint program, innovative uses for UAV’s, developing
responses to an RFI based on the work of this session,
and next steps. The output of the last two rounds is
represented in the following slides.

32
Gaps & Roadmaps – Platform
“We considered the gaps for airframes/platforms. We looked at in situ
vs. remote, large vs. small, fast vs long. It takes more people to
fly a UAV than it does a manned vehicle. All of these things add
cost to ownership.
Overarching Issues A big multi-use UAV where you can trade out instruments will be a
• Cost per hour lower cost situation. Finding a common instrument interface is
• =mass/endurance, utilization very important and probably a gap we need to think about.
• # people If you have a unique mission where things are integrated into the
• Availability payload, it's better to make lots of them and be able to use and
lose them. Environmentally you may not be able to lose them as
• Other demands much as you might want.
• Basing OPS The cost per hour of use will vary with the mass divided by the
utilization of the unit. The longer it flies the less time there is to
work on it. The higher utilization of the unit, the longer the
Gap – Atmospheric Chemistry amortization. The big problem is the availability. “
Consolidated Regional Survey
• Altitude: 0 – 5km Gap – Data Relay / Hurricane Monitoring
• Payload: 250kgm (remote) / 5-40kgm (In situ) • Altitude: >20km
• Speed: ~50-100 knots • Payload: 200kgm (Data link & dropsondes)
• Range: Local • Speed: Maintain station 99.9%
• Duration: 1-5 days • Range: Global / +/- 30 degrees latitude
• 2-ship pair? • Duration: Continuous
Gap – Carbon Cycle • Low Cost: ~ $100 / flight hour
• Altitude: 20m – 5km
• Payload: 100kgm Gap – Polar
• Speed: 100-200 knots • Altitude: 1-18 km
• Range: 10,000km • Payload: 500-1000kgm (remote) / 25-30kgm (In situ)
• Duration: multi-day • Speed: 100-400 knots
• All-weather – Icing & Turbulence • Range: 10,000km - ?
• Maneuverable for terrain avoidance • Duration: Months!

33
Gaps & Roadmaps – Instruments
Sensor Type Currently Needs to be New Technology
Exists Re-engineered
Active Remote Cloud Lidar Water Lidar Wind Lidar

Ozone Lidar Temperature Lidar
Aerosol Lidar Precipication Radar
Cloud Radar Vegetation Lidar
SAR
GPS*
Passive Remote NADIR (Microwave)

NADIR (???scoptical)
Scanning (??roptical)
Radiative Flux
In Situ

34
Gaps & Roadmaps – DataComm
Requirements Assumption: Enough on-board storage
• AC control OTH/LOS – Redundant Consideration: Some countries may not want data
• Telepresence publicly available (e.g. Eastern Europe, Asia, China)
• Instrument control
• Data Download (Not necessary to encrypt)
•Instrument health
•Target opportunities / Phenomenology
Gap Never enough Polar region > Commercial Consistent On-board BLOS RF Link BLOS RF Link
comms 200kbps Standard processing &
bandwidth
management
Technology LOS/BLOS TRDSS MIL STD? DOD UNET Packeteer Global Hawk Global Hawk
Inmarsat FIPS 140-1 ARDEM
Today
Iridium CDL
Issue Bandwidth Global ConnectivitySecurity / System Adaptive (Comm Link Quality Fault-Tolerant
Constraint Information Architecture & management) •Reliability Networking
Assurance Standards Defined •Error rate
•Availability
•Integrity

35
Ideas for NASA – NOAA – DOE Joint Efforts
Joint Program Science Goals Observations
• Weather – Improve 1-14 day forecast • Weather
• Climate • Adaptive Observations in NE Pacific
• Demo of Platform and Sensor Capability • Model-driven
• Emergency Response (DHS, Wildfire) • Fast response (24 ours)
• Consistent with THORPex
Approach • Hurricanes
• Multiple platform types • Arctic – adaptive observations
• Aerosond • Climate
• Hale ROA • Arctic
• Test Dallgater concept (?) • Full Atmosphere Characterization
• Cooperation with International Organizations • All weather
• e.g. THORPex & IPY • Eulerian and Iangrangian
• Comparison to Satellites (e.g. things satellites do not • Surface Characterization
do well) • Area, Depth, Density of ice
• Joint Campaigns with multiple platform capabilities • Snow/water equivalent
• Openings, free water
Roles • Carbon
• All 3 agencies have complementary roles • Tundra, High Latitude, Inaccessible
• NASA – Technology provider & developer Areas
• NOAA – Operational user • Emergency Response
• DOE – Research use • Plume characterization
• All – Instruments, science & mission
requirements

36
Ideas for Innovative Uses of UAV’s
Contingency Deployment Space Environment Peer to Peer Transmission
• Urban emergencies Monitoring Strat.
• Natural disasters • Planetary missions
• Adaptive Observations • Extreme upper atmosphere Ruggedized Platforms
sampling • De-icing
Multi-use Systems • Thunderstorm Penetration
• Combined missions Surface Sampling – UAV • Adaptable aerodynamics
• Border surveillance
• Communication relay
Lands VSTOL
• Ice/Water Interactive Mission
• Weather surveillance • Requests
• Landsurface
• Education mission monitoring • Queued priorities
(Cameras & web page)
• Outreach Inflight Refueling
• Extended Missions Intelligent Phenomenological
• Fleet Support Monitoring
Miniaturization / Cost • Fronts
Reduction • Plumes
•
Tethered Platforms
Instrumentation
• Fixed urban obs with vertical
• Flight platform – frangible (?)
crawler Power Alternatives
(size)
• Environmental remote sensing • Soaring exploitation
• Piezio electric
UAV Ensembles
•
Data Processing on UAV
Swarms
• Transmission efficiency
• Parent/Child
• Sampling upward – deploying
inexpensive rocket sonde
• Dispersive platforms (break
apart, come together)
• Deployment from piloted aircraft

37
UAV-Enabled Global Observation System
Suggested Approach Relationship to National Priorities
• Systems engineering approach • Climate change science program
• Proof of concept demos • Global Earth Observation System (GEOSS)
• Mixed platform approach • OSTP R&D Guidelines
• Develop CBNOPS • HS
• Integrate with satellites & ground demo • Network & Info technology
• Integrate with other US agencies and international • Namu
agencies • Climate & water **
• Hydrogen fuel cells
Potential Benefits
• Risk reduction to CCSP Relationship to Existing Programs
• Allows science unavailable from satellites or instead • Vehicle systems programs
of satellites • VPDO
• Increases the value of satellites • Access 5/UNITE FAA
• DOD UAV roadmap
Performance Capability Objectives
• Safe & efficient Relationship to Exploration Vision
• Grid-based sustained measurement system • Tech spinoff to PFV
• Data and ops needs to be networked with ground, • 100k vehicle similar to Mars
UAV’s and satellites • On-board data/science processing
• System needs to be able to support vertical profiles • Autonomy
• 0-100,000ft
• Dropsondes, MEMS Technology Gaps
• Altitude change • Communication bandwidth over the poles
• Long endurance > 24hours • Sensors sized to fit in UAV’s (size, mass, power)
• Deployable – world wide coverage • Robust UAV’s (icing and storm penetration)
• Flexible & adaptable observations • Propulsion & Power
• Complementary platform & solutions (hi & low speed) • Autonomy
• Global airspace operations

38
Ideas for Next Steps
Get Senior Management Buy-In for a FY07 Other Ideas for Next Steps
New Initiative
1. Establish IPDO-like organization to capture • Get Senior Management buy-in
resources • Get Science Committee buy-in
2. Vision statement – function of societal/economic • Get INO buy-in
impact
3. Mission needs statement • Identify high level requirements
4. Identify and include stakeholders • Prioritize science needs as a function of scientific
5. Recruit advocates impacts
• Identify stakeholders
• Identify capabilities
• Develop technology gaps and roadmaps
• Risk assessments
• Identify barriers
• Perform analyses of alternatives
• Perform proof of concept demos & pilot projects
• Define success criteria
• Establish milestones & project structure

• Training and marketing
• Create joint organization
• Identify and coordinate existing efforts that
contribute to our goals
• Stoke the energy!


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1

UTILIZATION OF UAV’s FOR

A Summary and Synthesis of Workshop 2

Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research

On December 7th and 8th, 2004, DOC/NOAA Forecast Systems

This session began with a series of presentations about the program

This document is a summary of the group’s work.

Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research

Elements of a Mission Statement Proposed Presentation Format for

How much will it cost?

Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research

Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research

Forcings: solar, CO2, CH4, N2O, CFCs, O3

Feedbacks: clouds, H2O(v) , albedo, aerosols, oceans, O3

Unique Requirements: insitu, sustained, systematic, diurnal, over

Special Cases: aerosols - urban volcanoes; albedo - polar

Priorities: clouds, H2O, aerosols, albedo

Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research

Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research

Types of Measurements When Where

What Where When/how often/ duration/ synchrony

Event - triggered Location of event (global reach) Event duration (multi-parameter)

Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research

Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research

Topic Position Altitude When How often Duration Coverage/resolution

Snow pack (melts Mountains Mountain top Seasonally Weekly 1km

Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research

State variables Fill in data voids Ongoing Routine On-going (BCWST)

Ocean surface CORTS (long)

O3 - as an indicator CORTS 20k 40k 60k

Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research

Where • resolution What When • sustained

Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research

Need to reduce risk We want to do

Everything Everywhere All the time

Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research

Air quality Midlat 0-40k ft All year Daily

Strataspheric Ozone Polar tropopause All seasons ≥ Weekly Profile No

Tropospheric Ozone Polar tropopause All seasons - daily Profile No

Long-lived gases Polar surface All seasons Weekly Profile No

Water vapor Polar upper trop All seasons Weekly Profile No

Reactive gases Polar surface State variables

Highly reactive Polar polluted & All seasons intermittent

Radioactive fluxes Polar upper trop All seasons intermittent Profiles No

Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research

Possibly using dropsondes to create

Observation Location Temporal Simultaneous Instruments

Marine Coastal margin Routine monitoring Profiles Mass spec

Urban Industrial (localized) Routine Lidar(s)

Events Localized Episodic (on demand) Dropsondes

Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research

What? Where? When? How Often? Duration? Simultaneous? How? (instrument)

Satellite Global Periodic IOP Hours to days Satellite observations INS/GPS

Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research

Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research

Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research

CO2 Sources & Sinks 24 hours

Chemical Composition 30km Week-months

Role of Aerosols 18.5km

Climate Variability & Surface – Week-months 72 hours “Dropsonde” Long range

Models & Predictions 20km 24 hours

Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research