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|



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Described as either push or pull that can cause a

mass (body) to accelerate (cause of motion)
A vector quantity that is the product of mass (m) &
acceleration (a).


In MKS it is in unit : Newtons (N) , 1 N = 1 kg-m/s2
In CGS it is in unit : dynes , 1 dyne = 1 g-cm/s2
In English Units : Pound (r or lbs) , Pound-force (lbf)
  

| |

 | |
 !"!!#|

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* *

    |%& '
 K|)   
1. Force due to Gravity / Weight
FGRAV = W = mg, where g = 9.8 m/s2 or 32 ft/s2

= mg
= mg
'

Weight is ALWAYS directed TOWARDS (attractive to) the earth, even if

the surface is at an angle.
Weight is ALWAYS acting on the body
 K|)   
2. Longitudinal Forces
aorces acting along the length of an object
Common in ropes, cables, solid cylinders

TENSION (T) T T
$*Force on an object. Its end effect is
to STRETCH an object.
uOMPRESSION (u) Length (L)

$* +Force on an object. Its end effect

is to FLATEN an object.
u u
' Compression usually is due to normal
forces between two objects in contact
Length (L)
 K|)   
†. Contact Forces
aorces due to interaction between different surfaces
aRIuTIONAL aORuE / aRIuTION (f)
Force that oppose motion of an object.  f
Always parallel to the contact surface
& directed opposite the motion of the
|
= mg
object
NORMAL aORuE (Ŋ or N)
Reaction Force due to Weight of the
object(s) in contact
Always Perpendicular to the contact
surface
f
'

= mg
 K|)   
†. Contact Forces

fɲN
f=ʅN

ʅ ʹ uoefficient of ariction
ʅS ʹ uoefficient of Static ariction
ʅS = tan ',-+( '
./+0&,,1(%/(&&112& 
ʅK ʹ uoefficient of Kinetic ariction
 K|)   
†. Contact Forces

Equations for Normal aorce
'
|

 |
|
' l

= mg
= mg
= mg

|
0 |
 
%& ' |
 3 

|0%& ' |0%& 4 3 ('

 K|)   
†. Contact Forces

Equations for arictional aorce
'
|
,

 |
, |
, ' l

= mg
= mg
= mg
|
 3 
|
 
%& '
|
0 |0%& 4  ('
|0%& '
,5|50 ,5|
,5|50%& '
,50%& 4 3  ('
 |
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|

|
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|
± body acted on by NO net force either stays
motionless or moves, but with constant velocity
and zero acceleration͟
 |
|
 
|

|
| |)
 
|

± body requires a net force to accelerate͟ ±
he

acceleration is directly proportional to the net force but
inversely proportional to the body͛s mass͟
±
he direction of the net force is the same as the
direction of the acceleration͟
 |
|
 
|

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±
o every action there is always opposed an
equal reaction, same in magnitude but opposite
in direction.͟



= mg

|

= mg
  |)|  7.8.
 

7.8.
3 +,,%/ &,,&1% %/(0& (02&(/&/+
&%%&&/+1"+1( &%+0(&/(&

&9%/&1&( / :*((1(*-;+

+& / /1 /

<+&&= ( /1(0+/(*/(%& //&1*(,&1=&%(/
|&%%1/(&

&18&/+
$a = 0 & $a
= 0
Therefore : R = 0 or anet = 0
  8)>)?
 8)

Ösed to analyze forces acting on a body by isolating the

body with all forces acting on it.

Steps
1. A. Represent the object as a point mass
B. If it is a s
stem (multiple objects), a certain point on it will be indicated for
reference, use this as the ͞point mass͟.
2. Draw ALL forces AuTING ON the bod
from this point
/13
(0+/
/13 22( &1%-
1(%/(&
|&1 &1% &(0,1&/+18&(%&/%/-
 (&; ;,1&/+&
3. Don͛t forget to show also the angle of the force (if angled).
 $| 8)
DON͛T Draw Vectors GOING towards the point mass (even though it ma
show in
the figure) draw it awa
from the point mass, it does the same thing.

EXAMPLE 1 WRONG FBD CORRECT FBD

ɽ |
 f ɽ f f
ɽ
|
= mg |

0
0
 $| 8)
EXAMPLE 2
WRONG FBD * CORRECT FBD *

|
f
f f
'

= mg
|
ɽ ɽ

0
0

 Ösing the inclined surface as the x'axis

 $| 8)
$. >@
(0+/
Pulle
s are anal
ed as frictionless & of negligible weight.
aor auE : Tension of rope or cable passing through the pulle
is equal to the weights
HANGING from them.






ɽ 








2 kg
2 kg

 0

0
 $| 8)

Ösing the inclined surface as the a is (rotate of a is)

Must have at least 1 pair of perpendicular forces and 90w
angle is visible.

å w

f
w
'

= mg
OWED since f & N are Perpendicular
1000 lbs

NO
OWED :No perpendicular forces or

angles with respect to point O, thus not
practical to use any inclined as x'axis.
 $| 8)

If a s
stem consists of two or more objects. Multiple aBD͛s ma
be

required :


$A 
8
  |)|  7.8.
 
Sample Problems :
1. A 5 kg block will start to slide down at
constant speed from a surface when
it is inclined at 40w with the
horizontal. Determine the Frictional
force, Normal force and the
coefficient of static friction. 40°

Solution : Draw the forces acting

Draw the FBD
on the body

|
f
40°

|
f

0
0
40°
  |)|  7.8.
 

Since we have perpendicular forces along the inclined (f & N) we can use the
inclined as our x-axis

Re-draw the FBD Draw the component vectors of angled vectors

| |

f f


40°
40°

0


  |)|  7.8.
 

1(%/(&|&1,&1%5
| / 
f

 B CD B FD
40°

 E
D, D|3


,
 
(' |

%& '
,0 (' |0%& '
,G0H"#I < (!w |G0H"#I <%& !w
,J"N |JK"!N
,5 | 5 ,I|J"N IJK"!N 5 "#JH
5 ,I| or 5 /', /!L 5 "#JH
  |)|  7.8.
 
2. A woman at an airport is pulling a 15 kg suitcase (with wheels) at constant speed of 2 m/s
by pulling on the handle attached to the bag (this makes an angle ɽ above the horizontal).
She pulls with a 56 N force, and the frictional force is 20N. What is the angle ͞ɽ͟, the normal
force & the coefficient of kinetic friction?
M|

ɽ | M| |

G0
f = 20 N ɽ f = 20 N ɽ


f = 20 N

0
0
  |)|  7.8.
 

&=(0,&1' -|&1,&1%5K
/ 
|
 B CD B FD
f = 20 N ɽ E,D   D|D  3


,  |
3 
, %& ' |03  ('
<|M|%& ' |G0H"#I <3 M| (MH"#w

0
' MH"#w |H!"MHN

,5 | 5K ,I|<N IH!"MHN 5K "<

5 ,I|
  |)|  7.8.
 
†. A wet shirt weighs 4 N. It is hanged to dry on a metal clothesline. The shirt is placed at
the very center of the length of the clothesline, and the angle formed with respect to the
horizontal due to the weight of the shirt on either side are equal. What are the tensions
on each side of the clothesline?
<
ɽ ɽ
"!  <  <

ɽ ɽ ɽ ɽ
 <

!|
!|


* /' "!I
"!
' <"#L
  |)|  7.8.
 

&=(0,&1 (&
/ 
 <
B CD B FD
ɽ ɽ
<
E D<  D D< 3


<  (' D< (' 

< %& ' %& '  (' D (' 


!| <  < ('

 
I< ('

 N!|IN< (<"#wO
 "J#| < "J#|
 |
|
 
|

|
| |)
 
|

± body requires a net force to accelerate͟ ±
he

acceleration is directly proportional to the net force but
inversely proportional to the body͛s mass͟
±
he direction of the net force is the same as the
direction of the acceleration͟
Body of mass ±m͟ at rest on a Due to net force ±anet ͟ going to the left the
frictionless surface object will accelerate also to the left

anet = ma
/
 
|
| |)
 
||


If anet = ma

Possibilities :

 a) $a = ma & $a
= ma

|
= mg
b) $a = ma & $a
= 0
Purely Horizontal Movement

c) $a = 0 & $a
= ma

Purely Vertical Movement
 |   

|/ &1%*/& &/%/ &1%

'
|
,

 |
, |
, ' l

= mg
= mg
= mg
|
 3 
|
 
%& '
|
0 |0%& 4 3  ('
|0%& '
/  3 , / 
 3 , /   3
 3 ,

/ 
(' 3 , /  %& ' 3
 (l 3 ,

/ 0 (' 3 , /  %& ' D0 (l 3 ,
 |
| |)
 
||

Sample Problems :
1. A 5 kg block slides down a plane
inclined at 40w to the horizontal. Find
the acceleration of the block
a) If the plane is frictionless
b) If the coefficient of kinetic friction is
0.20 40°

Solution : Draw the forces acting

Draw the FBD
on the body

|
f
40°

|
f

0
0
40°
 |
| |)
 
||


Since we have perpendicular forces along the inclined (f & N) we can use the
inclined as our x-axis

Re-draw the FBD Draw the component vectors of angled vectors

| |
a a
f f


40°
40°

0


 |
| |)
 
||


/ 
|
j
f

 B  CD B FD
40°

E
D,E  D|3




3 , |

%& '
0 (' 3 , |0%& '
,5 |
 0 ('  5|
 0 (' 3 50%& '
 0  (' 3 5 %& '
0 (' 3 5 %& '
 |
| |)
 
||


1. A 5 kg block slides down a plane inclined at 40w to the horizontal. Find the
acceleration of the block
a) If the plane is frictionless
b) If the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.20

A,,-+% 5 

0N (!wE 5 %& !wO
H"#I <N (!wE %& !wO
M"JI <

A,5 "<

0N (!wE 5 %& !wO
H"#I <N (!wE "<%& !wO
!"#I <
 |
| |)
 
||


2. A car (2,000 kg) is traveling at 28.7 m/s when the driver locks the breaks to stop the
car. What will be the shortest distance ( from the point where the breaks were
locked up to the full stopping point), if the coefficient of kinetic friction between
the tires and pavement (road) is 0.8?

 <#"KI
. (0K(/(%  :J

 < < D<

 < E<I<

  
 |
| |)
 
||


2. A car (2,000 kg) is traveling at 28.7 m/s when the driver locks the breaks to stop the
car. What will be the shortest distance ( from the point where the breaks were
locked up to the full stopping point), if the coefficient of kinetic friction between
the tires and pavement (road) is 0.8?

Ösing NSLM to determine the acceleration aBD :

N
N


f
f

W = mg
W = mg
 |
| |)
 
||


2. A car (2,000 kg) is traveling at 28.7 m/s when the driver locks the breaks to stop the
car. What will be the shortest distance ( from the point where the breaks were
locked up to the full stopping point), if the coefficient of kinetic friction between
the tires and pavement (road) is 0.8?

/ 
N
 B  CD B FD
f E,D  D|3

|

,5 |
|0
3 5|D
W = mg 3 50D
3 50D
3 50 E"#H"#I <EK"#!I <

a = 7.84 m/s2, deceleration

 |
| |)
 
||


2. A car (2,000 kg) is traveling at 28.7 m/s when the driver locks the breaks to stop the
car. What will be the shortest distance ( from the point where the breaks were
locked up to the full stopping point), if the coefficient of kinetic friction between
the tires and pavement (road) is 0.8?

 <#"KI
. (0K(/(%  :J

 < < D<

 < E<I<

   a = 7.84 m/s2, deceleration

N< E<#"KI <OIN<EK"#!I <O

E#<J"MH<I <IE"M#I <

<"J
 |
| |)
 
||


†. A †.5 kg pail is dropped into a 15 m empty deep well, starting from rest at the top.
The tension in the rope is constant at 14.8 N as the pail drops. What is the time to
reach the bottom of the well?
 
. (0K(/(%  :<

+/DP/<

+1Q0

h = 15 m
 |
| |)
 
||


†. A †.5 kg pail is dropped into a 15 m empty deep well, starting from rest at the top.
The tension in the rope is constant at 14.8 N as the pail drops. What is the time to
reach the bottom of the well?

Ösing NSLM to determine the acceleration aBD :

T = 14.8 N

!"#| 

W = mg

0
 |
| |)
 
||


†. A †.5 kg pail is dropped into a 15 m empty deep well, starting from rest at the top.
The tension in the rope is constant at 14.8 N as the pail drops. What is the time to
reach the bottom of the well?

T = 14.8 N
/ 
 B CD B FD
D3
3 
03 
03 I
W = mg
NJ"G0H"#I <3 !"#|OIJ"G0
"KI <-&;;1
 |
| |)
 
||


†. A †.5 kg pail is dropped into a 15 m empty deep well, starting from rest at the top.
The tension in the rope is constant at 14.8 N as the pail drops. What is the time to
reach the bottom of the well?
 
. (0K(/(%  :<

+/DP/<

+1Q0

h = 15 m "KI <-&;;1
3 /DP3 "KI </<
3 3 <"K#I </<
/< I<"K#I <
/< "J#M <
/<"J<