Introductin SDHPDH

INTRODUCTION PDH &
SDH
On Job Training July 2006

PT Indonesia Comnets Plus
Agenda
 Pre SDH (PDH)  Overhead and Payload

 SDH Analysis
 The SDH Frame
 Tributary Units
 Frame Structure
 SDH Network
Protection
On Job Training, July 2006

Plesiochronous Digital
Hierarchy
2 Mbps
2 Mbps
8 Mbps 8 Mbps
34 Mbps 34 Mbps
140 Mbps

Multiplexing hierarchy
 The PDH high capacity transmission

networks are based on a hierarchy of
digital multiplexed signals: E.1 to E.4.
 The basic building block is the primary
rate of 2.048 Mb/s (E.1). This could be
made up of 30 x 64 Kb/s voice channels.
This would then be multiplexed up to a
higher rate for high capacity transmisson.

 Four signals at the primary rate can be
multiplexed up to the secondary rate,
E.2, of 8.448 Mb/s and so on up to a rate
of 139 Mb/s (E.4).
 Thus the 139 Mb/s rate represents 64 x
2.048 Mb/s signals and 1920 multiplexed
voice channels.

Developing networks
 The plesynchronous multiplexing

technology, often called PDH
(Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy), left
no room in the signal structures for
network management and maintenance
functions.
 We are therefore left with no spare signal
capacity to provide improvements in the
signal transmission.
 As networks developed inter-connection
became increasingly complex. It required
banks of multiplexers and large,
unreliable distribution frames.
 It became clear that the original
standards, designed for point-to-point
links, were just not suitable.

Tributary access
 We want to have easy access to an individual
tributary, in order that it may be re-routed.
 We cannot do this without having to
demultiplex the whole signal down to the
required tributary level.
 Costs go up as we demultiplex, and they then
double because we have to re-multiplex the
signal back up again.

No commont standard
 Before SDH there were no standards to ensure
that equipment from different vendors
interworked on the same system.
 Vendors can have their own unique designs
which means we have to buy the same
vendor’s equipment for both ends of the line.
 Ideally we would like to shop around for the
most suitable equipment, without having to
keep to the same supplier.

What we need
 Network operating companies have to

provide faster, cost effective provisioning
of customer circuits and services, as well
as control of transmission bandwidth.

SDH Definition
 SDH is a standard for ‘high speed – high

capacity’ optical telecommunication
networks ; more spesifically a
synchronous digital hierarchy.
 It is a synchronous digital transport
system aimed at providing a more
simple, economic and flexible
telecommunications network
infrastructure.
Advantages of SDH
 Designed for cost effective, flexible

telecoms networking – based on direct
synchronous multiplexing.
 Provides built-in signal capacity for
advanced network management and
maintenance capabilities.

 Provides flexible signal transportation
capabilities – designed for existing and
future signals.
 Allows a single telecommunication
network infrastructure – interconnects
network equipment from different
vendors

Where is SDH used ?
 SDH can be used in all of the traditional

network application areas.
 A single SDH network infrastructure is
therefore possible which provides an
efficient direct interconnection between
the three major telecommunication
networks.

Notes on SDH rates
 The most common SDH line rates in use

today are 155.52 Mbps, 622.08 Mbps,
2.5 Gbps, 10 Gbps.
 SDH is a structure that is designed for
the future, ensuring that higher line rates
can be added when required.

SDH signal structure
 The SDH signal is transported as a

synchronous structure which comprises
a set of 8-bit bytes organised into a two
dimensional frame.
 The ‘Truck analogy’ is a popular way to
help us understand the contents of the
SDH frame.

SDH FRAME STRUCTURE
TRUCK ANALOGY
Payload
Unit
Tractor
Unit

SDH FRAME STRUCTURE
TRUCK ANALOGY contd.
Regenerator
Section
OverHead
Section
Overhead Virtual Container
Multiplexer Payload
Section
OverHead Payload
OverHead

The Payload
 The contents of the container carried by

the truck represent the real value.
 This ‘Payload’ is analogous to customer
traffic, being carried by the ‘container’
within an SDH frame.
 This Payload ‘container’ supports the
transportation of spesific tributary
signals.

The Section Overhead
 What actually gets the contentsof the truck

to it’s destination is the tractor unit.
 This analogous to the network
maintenance and management capability
carried by the SDH frame, known as it’s
Section OverHead, or SOH.

 The Section Overhead (SOH) provides
facilities that are required to support and
maintain the transportation of customer
traffic Safely across the network.
 THE SOH is split into Multiplexer Section
Overhead (MSOH) and Regenerator
Section Overhead (RSOH).

The Virtual Container
 Even if the container is loaded on to a

different truck, there is a portion of
overhead that always remains with it.
 This is known as the Path OverHead, or
POH.
 The Path Overhead is directly associated
with the payload capacity area, and
together they form what’s known as the
Virtual Container.
SDH FRAME STRUCTURE
STM-N FRAME STRUCTURE
270 x N Columns
= 8 bits/byte
9 Rows
261 x N Columns
9 x N Columns

SDH FRAME STRUCTURE
signal frame transmission
The principle for SDH signal frame transmission is: the bytes (8-bit)
within the frame structure is transmitted byte-by-byte (bit-by-bit) from
left to right and from top to bottom. After one row is transmitted, the
next row will follow. After one frame is completed, the next frame will
start

SDH FRAME STRUCTURE
SDH Rate
ITU-T defines the frequency to be 8000 frames per second for all
levels in STM hierarchy
STM-1 Rate :
9 rows x 270 columns x 8 bits/byte x 8000 frames per second
= 155.52 Mb/s
STM-4 Rate :
9 rows x (270 x 4) columns x 8 bits/byte x 8000 frames per second
= 622 Mb/s

OVERHEAD ANALYSIS
SDH
SDH
SDH
TERMINAL
TERMINAL
MULTIPL EXER
MULTIPLEXER
SDH D IGITAL
X-CONNECT
RSOH
MSOH RSOH
POH MSOH
RSOH
Multiplexer Section
Path
Regenerator Section

OVERHEAD ANALYSIS
PATH OVERHEAD
Path Trace message

Parity check
VC structure
Alarm & performance info
User channel
Multiframe indication for TUs
Path protection switching

OVERHEAD ANALYSIS
PATH OVERHEAD contd.
• J1 : Path Trace byte

• B3: Path BIP−8 Code
• C2: Signal label byte
• H4: TU position indicator byte
• G1: Path status byte
• K3: Spare byte
• F2, F3: Path user channels
• N1: Network operator byte bytes

SDH Multiplexing Structure
×1 Mapping
STM-64 AUG-64
Aligning
×4
×1 Multiplexing
STM-16 AUG-16
×4 Pointer processing
×1
STM-4 AUG-4
×4
×1 ×1
STM-1 AUG-1 AU-4 VC-4 C-4 139264 kbit/s
×3
×1 34368 kbit/s
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3 C-3
×7
TUG-2
Go to glossary TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2048 kbit/s

×3

SDH Tributary Multiplexing
(34M)
34 Mbit/s to STM-N
C3 VC3
1 1 1
Rate P Next
34M Add POH
Adaptation O page
H
9 9
Packing 84 Mapping 1
1 85
125μs 125μs

(34M) TU-3 TUG-3 VC-4
1 86 1 86 1 261
3
1 1 H1 1
H1
H2
H2
H3
H3 P
Fill O
1st ×3 R R
gap H
align
R
9 9 9
Aligning Stuffing Multiplexing Same as

for C4
Multiplexing route: 1X34M  1XTU-3  3XTUG-3  1XAU-4---One STM-1 can load three
34Mbit/s signals

(2M)
2 Mbit/s to STM-N
C12 VC12 TU12

POH
1 4 1 4 1 4
1 1 1
Rate Add Add Next

2M
Adaptation POH Pointer page
9 9 9
Packing 125μs Mapping Aligning TU-PTR

(2M) TUG-2 TUG-3
1 12 1 86
1 1
×7 R R
×3
9 9
Same
Multiplexing Multiplexing
as for
C3
Multiplexing route: 1X2M  3XTU12  7XTUG-2
 3XTUG-3  1XSTM-1--- One STM-1 can load
3X7X3 = 63X2M Signals
Multiplexing structure: 3-7-3 structure

T h e traffic s h a re s th e s am e
e q u ip m en t a n d lin k
SDH Network protection B

 Bidirectional Traffic  Unidirectional Traffic
 Traffic flow direction along the ring
 Clockwise or counter-clockwis  Traffic flow direction along the ring
a ) U n ifo r m ly ro u te d
 Clockwise and counter-clockwise
A
A
T he traffic is on
The traffic shares the same
d ifferen t e q u ip m e n t
equipment and link
a nd link s
B
B

a) Uniformly routed T 1 5 1 6 6 7 0 -9 4
b ) D iv e rs ely r o u te d
Difference between Path and
Multiplex Section
Multiplex section
Physical Layer
e.g. Optical fiber
Path

1+1 Linear MS Protection
 Protection mechanism of 1+1linear MS
protection system:
 Concurrent sending is permanent bridging
 Selective receiving
selective receiving
is switching
selective receiving
switch
concurrent concurrent
sending sending
switch
TU traffic TU traffic

1:N Linear MS Protection
 Structure of 1:N Linear MS Protection
A B
Protection section (Transmit)
Protection section (Receive)
Working section 1(Transmit)

Working section 1(Receive)
Working section 2(Transmit)

Working section 2(Receive)
Working section N(Transmit)

Working section N(Receive)
Bridging Selector Selector Bridging

1:1 Linear MS Protection
 Protection mechanism of 1:1 linear MS
protection system:
 Traffic flow after protection switching
Working
switch
switch
Protection
TU traffic TU traffic

Two-fiber uni-directional path
protection ring
 Protection switching mechanism:
 Switching criteria
 Transmission quality of each individual channel
 Usually TU-AIS, TU-LOP alarms
S1
P1
A
B D
switch
Two-fiber bidirectional Multiplex
Section Shared Protection Ring
 Traffic flow when network is broken:
 Working channels=1-N/2 AU4
 Protection channesl=N/2-N AU4

Two-fiber bidirectional Multiplex
 APS controller:
 Transition of APS controller status:

Four-fiber bidirectional Multiplex
 Structure:
 Four fibers
 Working channels--S1,S2, carry normal traffic
 Protection channels--P1,P2, protect normal traffic

CA AC
S1
P1
S2
P2
A
D B
C
P2
S2
P1
S1
CA AC
SubNetwork Connection
Protection
 Description:
 Protection one SubNetwork Connection
 Can be adapted to all networks

Protection
 Normal condition for unidirectional
SNCP:
 Concurrent sending (transmit end)
 Selective receiving (receive end)

Protection
 Failure in working channels for unidirectional SNCP:
 Concurrent sending (transmit end)
 Selective receiving (receive end)

Protection
 Protection Restoration:
 Restoration time - 10 minutes (5-12 minutes)
S1 S1
P1 P1
A A
B D B D
C C
switch


Introductin SDHPDH

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Introductin SDHPDH

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INTRODUCTION PDH &

On Job Training July 2006

 Pre SDH (PDH)  Overhead and Payload

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

 The PDH high capacity transmission

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

 The plesynchronous multiplexing

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

 Network operating companies have to

On Job Training, July 2006

 SDH is a standard for ‘high speed – high

 Designed for cost effective, flexible

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

 SDH can be used in all of the traditional

On Job Training, July 2006

 The most common SDH line rates in use

On Job Training, July 2006

 The SDH signal is transported as a

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

 The contents of the container carried by

On Job Training, July 2006

 What actually gets the contentsof the truck

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

 Even if the container is loaded on to a

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

Path Trace message

On Job Training, July 2006

• J1 : Path Trace byte

On Job Training, July 2006

Go to glossary TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2048 kbit/s

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

Aligning Stuffing Multiplexing Same as

On Job Training, July 2006

C12 VC12 TU12

Rate Add Add Next

Packing 125μs Mapping Aligning TU-PTR

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

SDH Network protection B

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

Working section 1(Transmit)

Working section 2(Transmit)

Working section N(Transmit)

Bridging Selector Selector Bridging

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

 Transmission quality of each individual channel

 Usually TU-AIS, TU-LOP alarms