CRUDE CLASSIFICATION & PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS

CRUDE CLASSIFICATION & PRODUCT SPECS

OVERVIEW OF PRESENTATION CRUDE OIL CLASSIFCATION OF CRUDE SIGNIFICANCE OF TESTS PRODUCT SPECIFICATION

CRUDE OIL
Petroleum : Petra Rock, Oleum Oil. Black Gold Crude oil is a substance, generally liquid, occurring naturally in the earth and composed mainly of mixtures of chemical compounds of Carbon and Hydrogen with or without other nonmetallic elements such as Sulfur, Oxygen, and Nitrogen

Crude Oil
Complex mixture of thousands of chemical compounds that are mostly composed of Carbon and Hydrogen (called Hydrocarbons) ranging from one to 90 carbon atoms Contains small amount of
   

Sulphur (upto 5 %) Oxygen (upto 5 %) Nitrogen (upto 1 %) Metals (upto 0.1 %)

Most of the above are chemically combined with carbon and hydrogen and treated as impurities and contaminant

CRUDE OIL
COMPOSITION :Parafinic Napthenic Aromatic

AVERAGE OF CRUDE OIL COMPOSITION :Carbon Hydrogen Sulfur Remaining (Nitrogen, Oxygen & Metal salts)
Source: BP Stats 2006

: : : :

84% 14% 1 - 3% 1%

CLASSIFCATION OF CRUDE OILS

Sulfur Sweet Intermediate Sour Highly Sour ACIDITY Low Acidicty High Acidity : : TAN < 0.5 TAN > 1.0

: S < 0.5% : 0.5% < S < 1.0% : 1.0% < S < 2.0% : S >2.0%

CRUDE OIL CHARACTERISTICS

Crude density is commonly measured by API gravity API gravity provides a relative measure of crude oil density the higher the API number, the lighter the crude. Classified as light, medium or heavy Light crude are easier to process Heavy crude are more difficult to process Sulfur content measures if a crude is sweet ( low sulfur) or sour ( higher sulfur) Less than 0.5% sulfur content = sweet Greater than 1.0% sulfur content = sour High sulfur crude require additional processing to meet regulatory specs. Acid content measured by Total Acid Number (TAN) Acidic crude highly corrosive to refinery equipment. High acid crude are those with TAN > 0.7

BENCH MARK
BRENT :

CRUDES
North Sea

West Texas Intermediate : North America Dubai Tapis Minas : Middle East flowing to Asia Pacific region : Malaysian - Lt. Far East Oils : Indonesian Hy. Far East oils

OPEC Reference Basket : A weighted average of oil blends of various OPEC countries.

API GRAVITY Definition:It is a measure of the weight of hydrocarbons according to a scale established by the American Petroleum Institute. API gravity = 141.5 ---------------------------- 131.5 Specific gravity at 600F

Significance :This is used widely to classify the type of crude.

TOTAL ACID NUMBER

The Total Acid Number is the amount of Potassium Hydroxide in milligrams that is needed to neutralize the acids in one gram of oil. It is an important quality measurement of Crude oil.

Significance :
The TAN value indicates to the crude oil refinery the potential of corrosion problems.

Factors affecting crude selection

Choice of crude oil for a refinery depends on many factors:
     

Product mix Product quality Refinery configuration Product treatment facilities Refinery design spec- Metallurgy, desalter etc Environment stipulation for pollution control

For inland refinery, even pipeline design plays a role

PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS

WHAT IS PRODUCT SPECIFICATION?

THE REQUIREMENT THAT THE PRODUCT HAS TO MEET MAY BE TECHNICAL (FUNCTIONAL / HANDLING REQUIREMENT) OR ECOLOGICAL. THE REQUIREMENT IS SPECIFIED AS A STANDARD SET OF QUALITY PARAMETERS WITH SPECIFIC QUANTITATIVE VALUE. THE SET OF QUANTIFIABLE QUALITY PARAMETERS IS TERMED AS SPECIFICATION PRODUCT IS SUBJECTED TO TESTS TO CHECK ITS COMPLIANCE TO THE QUALITY SPECS EXAMPLES OF QUALITY PARAMETERS ARE DENSITY, SMOKE POINT, OCTANE NUMBER, CETANE NUMBER

WHY SPECIFICATIONS?
EACH QUALITY PARAMETER IN A SPECIFICATION HAS A SIGNIFICANCE IT EITHER IMPROVES PERFORMANCE (OF ENGINE AS IN OCTANE & CETANE NUMBER) OR ENHANCES SAFETY (AS IN FLASH POINT), HANDLYING (AS IN POUR POINT) OR REDUCES POLLUTION (AS IN SULPHUR CONTENT, BENZENE CONTENT) SPECIFICATION BECOMES MORE STRINGENT WITH ADVANCEMENT OF TIME, TECHNOLOGY & CUSTOMER / SOCIAL DEMANDS.

STANDARD QUALITY CONTROL PARAMETERS

FOLLOWING ARE SOME PROMINENT QUALITY CONTROL PARAMETERS: DENSITY DISTILLATION RANGE FLASH POINT FIRE POINT OCTANE NUMBER CETANE NUMBER DIESEL INDEX SULFUR CONTENT SMOKE POINT POUR POINT PRODUCT BLENDING IS CONTROLED TO ENSURE COMPLIANCE TO PRODUCT SPECIFICATION.

FLASH POINT
Definition :The flash point of a fuel is the lowest temperature at which the application of a flame causes the vapour above the sample to ignite. Significance It is important primarily from a fuel-handling standpoint. Too low a flash point will cause fuel to be a fire hazard. A low-flash point may indicate contamination by more volatile and explosive fuels / fractions. Flash point (BIS) requirements for some petroleum products are: S.K.O U.L.S.H.S.D. H.S.D F.O. A.T.F 350 C 350 C 350 C 660C 380 C

FIRE POINT

Definition :Fire point is the lowest temperature, corrected to one atmosphere pressure at which the application of a test flame to the oil sample surface causes the vapour of the oil to ignite and burn for 5 secs. Significance :Low fire point petroleum products are potential fire hazards.

SMOKE POINT
Definition :It is defined as the maximum height of flame in millimeters at which the given oil will burn without giving smoke in a standard lamp under specified conditions. Significance :Smoke point is an indication of clean burning quality of kerosene. In India, marketable kerosene should possess a smoke point of 18mm.

ANILINE POINT
Definition :Aniline point is the lowest temperature at which oil is completely miscible with an equal volume of Aniline. Significance:High aniline point indicates that the fuel is highly paraffinic and hence has a high Diesel index and very good ignition quality. In case of aromatics the aniline point is low and the ignition quality is poor. This test is useful for calculating Diesel Index.

DIESEL INDEX
Definition :Diesel index is a measure of ignition quality of fuel. Diesel Index = (Aniline Point in oF X oAPI) ----------------------------100 Significance :High Diesel index indicates better ignition quality. Used as a guide in the absence of an engine for testing Cetane No.

CETANE NUMBER
Definition :This is a measure of the tendency of diesel fuels to knock in a diesel engine. It is determined in a single cylinder CFR engine by comparing the ignition delay characteristics of the fuel with that of the reference blends of known Cetane no. Reference fuels Significance :It is the index of ignition quality of a fuel. High cetane number fuel will enhance easy starting of compression ignition engines and lessen engine roughness. : Normal Cetane 100 Heptamethyle nonane 15

OCTANE NUMBER
Definition :It is defined as percentage volume of Iso-octane in a mixture of Iso-octane and n-heptane that gives the same knocking characteristic as the fuel under consideration. Reference fuel : iso Octane 100 n-Heptane - 0 Significance :High Octane number reduces knocking in a petrol engine and improves engine life.

OXYGENATES IN GASOLINE

Definition :Motor gasoline, having oxygen content of 2.7 percent or higher by weight is known as Oxygenated Gasoline. Significance :Oxygenated gasoline helps engines run leaner, which helps engines, particularly older engines, produce less carbon monoxide. Common oxygenates are MTBE (Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether) & Ethanol.

CLOUD POINT

Definition :Cloud point is the temperature at which a cloud or haze of wax crystals appears at the bottom of the test jar when the oil is cooled under the prescribed conditions. Significance :It indicates the temperature above which oil can be safely handled without any fear of congealing or filter clogging.

POUR POINT

Definition :Pour point is the lowest temperature in multiples of 3 Deg. C at which the oil will just flow when cooled under prescribed conditions. Significance :It indicates the pumpability of the fuel and it indicates the waxy nature of the fuel.

LPG
Unit Total volatile sulfur Evaporation temperature for 95 vol% Vapor pressure @ 40 C Mercaptan sulfur Hydrogen sulfide Free water ppmwt C kPa ppmwt ppmwt ppmwt Value 200 max. 2 max. 1050 max. 50-150 Nil Nil

NAPHTHA
Unit Paraffins Aromatics Olefins Density IBP FBP Sulfur RVP @ 38 C vol% vol% vol% kg/m C C wt% psi Value 65 min. 10 max. 1 max. Free 34 min. 160 max. 0.15 max. 10 max.

Motor Spirit
EURO III Premium Unit RON unleaded MON unleaded Density Evaporation at 70 C kg/m vol% Value 95 min. 85 min. 720-775 10-45 Regular Value 91 min. 81 min. 720-775 10-45 EURO IV Premium Value 95 min. 85 min. 720-775 10-45 Regular Value 91 min. 81 min. 720-775 10-45

Motor Spirit
EURO III EURO IV

Premium

Domestic

Premium

Domestic

Evaporation at 100 C Evaporation at 150 C Final Boiling Point Sulfur

vol%

40-70

40-70

40-70

40-70

vol%

75 min.

75 min.

75 min.

75 min.

210 max.

210 max.

210 max.

210 max.

wt%

0.015 max.

0.015 max.

0.005 max.

0.005 max.

Motor Spirit
EURO III Premium Domestic EURO IV Premium Domestic

RVP @ 38C Benzene Aromatics Oxygen content Oxidation stability Olefin content

kPa vol% vol% wt%

60 max. 1 max. 42 max. 2.7 max.

60 max. 1 max. 42 max. 2.7 max.

60 max. 1 max. 35 max. 2.7 max.

60 max. 1 max. 35 max. 2.7 max.

mints

360 min.

360 min.

360 min.

360 min.

vol%

18 max.

21 max.

18 max.

21 max.

JET FUEL
Unit Density @ 15 C Smoke point Freezing point Color Saybolt Distillation, 10 vol% Distillation, FBP Copper Strip Corrosion, 3 hrs @ 50 C kg/m mm C C C Value 775-840 19 min. - 47 max. +10 min. 205 max. 300 max. Not worse than No.1

JET FUEL
Unit Sulfur Flash point Viscosity @ -20 C wt% C mm2/s Value 0.25 max. 38 min. 8.0 max

Naphthalene content Silver Strip Corrosion, 16 hrs @ 45 C

vol% -

3.0 max. 0 max.

Thermal stability (JFTOT)

mm Hg

25 max.

Water Separation Index Modified (WSIM)

70 min.

DIESEL
EURO III Unit Density @ 15 C Cetane Index Cetane Number (Note 1) CFPP, Winter / Summer kg/m min. min. C, max. Value 820-845 46 51 6 / 18 EURO IV Value 820-845 48 51 6 / 18

Water content Distillation, 85 vol%

vol% max C max

0.02 350

0.02 350

DIESEL
Distillation, 95 vol% Viscosity @ 40 C Sulfur C cSt ppm max. C min. wt% max. 360 max. 2 4.5 350 360 max. 2 4.5 50

Flash point Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) Lubricity @ 60 C

35 11

35 11

microns max. -

460

460

Copper Strip Corrosion, 3 hrs @ 50 C

No. 1

No. 1

FUEL OIL
Regular Fuel Oil Unit Density @ 15 C kg/m Value free Plant Fuel Oil Value free

Flash point Pour point (Note 1) Kinematic Viscosity @ 50 C Sulfur

C min. C max. cSt max. wt% max.

66 27 180 4.0

66 8,500-50,000 1.8

CRUDE OIL CLASSIFICATION

Definition :Based on the predominant proportion of similar Hydrocarbon molecules, crude oils are classified based on API gravity / density and sulfur content. Crude oils are also classified based on quality of Hydrocarbon Sulfur and other reactive Sulfur components. Crude oil with less Sulfur is called SWEET Crude oil with more Sulfur is called SOUR

India - Oil & Gas Resources

Crude Oil
Reserves: 786 mtoe/5.9 bln bbl (end 2005)  Production: 36.2 mln ton/816 tbpd (2005)


Natural Gas
Reserves: 1101 bcm (end 2005)  Production: 30.4 bcm (2005)


Source: BP Stats 2006

WHAT IS A PETROLEUM PRODUCT ?

A PRODUCT IS SOMETHING THAT SATISFIES A NEED & CONSEQUENTLY HAS ECONOMIC VALUE PETROLEUM PRODUCT IS AN ENGINEERED MATERIAL THAT MEETS THE REQUIREMENT A PETROLEUM PRODUCT EX. GASOLINE, DIESEL, LPG IS A HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE OF PETROLEUM FRACTIONS THAT IS BLENDED IN A CONTROLLED MANNER TO MEET THE REQUIREMENT

HI
Year
1862 1870 1913 1916 1930 1932 1932 1933 1935 1935 1937 1939

FI I G
rpose By-pro cts, etc.

rocess ame
tmosp eric istillatio Vac m istillatio ro

ce kerose e

ap t a, tar, etc. sp alt, resi al coker fee stocks esi lf r esi lf r oke romatics Waxes etroc emical fee stocks etroc emical fee stocks I crease istillate,tar al al, ker f el

rica ts (origi al) racki g fee stocks (1930's) I crease gasoli e re ce s lf r & o or m er

ermal cracki g eete i g ermal reformi g Hy roge atio oki g olve t extractio olve t e axi g at. olymerizatio atalytic cracki g Vis reaki g

Improve octa e emove s lf r ro

ce gasoli e asestocks rica t viscosity

Improve l i ex

Improve po r poi t Improve gasoli e yiel & octa e m er Hig er octa e gasoli e re ce viscosity

HI Year 1940 1940 1942 1950 1952 1954 1956 1957 1960 1974 1975 rocess ame lkylatio Isomerizatio Fl i catalytic cracki g easp alti g atalytic reformi g Hy ro es lf rizatio I i itor s eete i g atalytic isomerisatio Hy rocracki g atalytic e axi g esi al y rocracki g

Y rpose

FI I G By-pro cts, etc.

I crease gasoli e octa e & yiel ro ce alkylatio fee stock

Hig -octa e aviatio gasoli e ap t a etroc emical fee stocks sp alt romatics lf r is lfi es lkylatio fee stocks

I crease gasoli e yiel & octa e I crease cracki g fee stock o vert lo -q ality ap t a emove s lf r emove mercapta o vert to molec les it ig octa e m er Improve q ality a s lf r Improve po r poi t I crease gasoli e yiel from resi al re ce

lkylatio fee stocks Wax Heavy resi als

TYPICAL APPROXIMATE CHARACTERISTICS AND PROPERTIES AND GASOLINE POTENTIAL OF VARIOUS CRUDES (Representative average numbers) Napht. yield (% vol) 28 22 23 2 18 -

Crude source Nigerian -Light Saudi -Light Saudi -Heavy Venezuela -Heavy Venezuela -Light USA -Midcont. Sweet USA -W. Texas Sour North Sea -Brent

Sulfur API Paraffins Aromatics Naphthenes (% gravity (% vol) (% vol) (% vol) wt) (approx.) 37 63 60 35 52 9 19 15 12 14 54 18 25 53 34 0.2 2 2.1 2.3 1.5 0.4 36 34 28 30 24 40

Octane no (typical) 60 40 35 60 50 -

46

22

32

1.9

32

33

55

50

16

34

0.4

37

31

50

TY I
implest lke e ( 2H4): THY (
2H4)

.
4H8)

Typical lke es it t e same c emical form la ( iffere t molec lar str ct res: 1-B TENE (
4H8)

B TENE (

4H8)

T PICAL APPROXIMATE CHARACTERISTICS AND ARIOUS CRUDES PROPERTIES AND ASOLINE POTENTIAL O (Re resentative average numbers) Sulfur API Na ht. Octane (% gravity yield no wt) (a ro .) (% vol) (ty ical) 0.2 2 2.1 2.3 1.5 0.4 1.9 0.4 36 34 28 30 24 40 32 37 28 22 23 2 18 33 31 60 40 35 60 50 55 50

Crude source Nigerian Light Saudi Light Saudi Heavy enezuela Heavy enezuela Light USA Midcont. Sweet USASour . Te as

Paraffins Aromatics Na hthenes (% vol) (% vol) (% vol) 37 63 60 35 52 46 50 9 19 15 12 14 22 16 54 18 25 53 34 32 34

North Sea rent

CRUDE INPUT CONSISTS OF



INDIGENOUS CRUDE
 

 

ASSAM & NORTH /SOUTH GUJRAT ARE MAIN ONSHORE CRUDES. BOMBAY HIGH, RAVVA, PANNA MUKTA ARE MAIN OFF-SHORE CRUDE. SUPPLY IS LOWER THAN REQUIREMENT CHEAPER COMPARED TO IMPORTED CRUDE DUE TO DUTY/TAX AND FREIGHT ADVANTAGE .

IMPORTED CRUDE
 

HIGH SULPHUR LOW SULPHUR

TYPICAL AROMATICS.
Example of simple aromatic compound:
BENZENE (C6H6)

Examples of simple double-ring aromatic compound:

NAPTHALENE (C10H8)

SOURCING OF CRUDE OIL

INDIGENOUS CRUDE MAINLY BASED ON GOVT., ALLOCATION

IMPORTED CRUDE
TERM CONTRACT TERM TENDER SPOT TENDER

CRUDE OIL
GRADATION OF CRUDE OIL


BASED ON PRODUCTION CAPABILITY OF PARTICULAR PRODUCT

 

   

BITUMENIOUS (BASRA, KUWAIT, AM) NON-BITUMENIOUS HIGH SULFUR (INDIAN, MALAYSIAN, OMAN) LUBE (AM, BASRA,MURBAN) NON LUBE (KUWAIT,MASILA) ATF NON-ATF

Key features with indigenous crude

LPG, Naphtha will be on spec SKO ex-Assam crude de-aromatisation / hydro improvement of smoke point would need treatment for

Diesel ex-Assam crude requires hydrotreating or addition of cetane improver. Mostly non-ATF (excepting Gujarat crudes) Non-Bituminous, therefore all residue converted to LSHS

CRUDE OIL
GRADATION OF CRUDE OIL


BASED ON SULFUR CONTENT

   

LOW SULFUR ,Sulfur , <0.5 %wt ( INDIAN, MALAYSIAN, WAF) HIGH SULFUR , Sulfur , >0.5 %wt (LATIN AMERICAN, PG)

BASED ON API GRAVITY

 

LIGHER, API>30( INDIAN, MALAYSIAN, WAF) HEAVIER API<30 (LATIN AMERICAN, PG)

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