Colloids

By: Anverdeen Fathima Anfaza GroupGroup-03

Colloids
Colloids are suspensions in which the suspended particles are larger than molecules but too small to drop out of the suspension due to gravity. Particle size: 10 to 2000 . There are several types of colloid: aerosol (gas + liquid or solid, e.g. fog and smoke), foam (liquid + gas, e.g. whipped cream), emulsion (liquid + liquid, e.g. milk), sol (liquid + solid, e.g. paint), solid foam (solid + gas, e.g. marshmallow), solid emulsion (solid + liquid, e.g. butter), solid sol (solid + solid, e.g. ruby glass).

Colloids
Tyndall effect: ability of a Colloid to scatter light. The beam of light can be seen through the colloid.

Colloids
Tyndall effect
Light is scattered by particles suspended in water Use the Tyndall effect to differentiate between a true solution and a suspension
True solution - a homogeneous mixture
ions and molecules are too small to scatter visible light

Suspension - particles are suspended in water

the particles are too large to be dissolved, and so are large enough to scatter light.

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Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Colloids
Focus on colloids in water. Water loving colloids: hydrophilic. Water hating colloids: hydrophobic. Molecules arrange themselves so that hydrophobic portions are oriented towards each other. If a large hydrophobic macromolecule (giant molecule) needs to exist in water (e.g. in a cell), hydrophobic molecules embed themselves into the macromolecule leaving the hydrophilic ends to interact with water.

Colloids
Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Colloids

Colloids
Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Colloids
Typical hydrophilic groups are polar (containing CO, O-H, N-H bonds) or charged. Hydrophobic colloids need to be stabilized in water. Adsorption: when something sticks to a surface we say that it is adsorbed. If ions are adsorbed onto the surface of a colloid, the colloids appears hydrophilic and is stabilized in water. Consider a small drop of oil in water. Add to the water sodium stearate.

Colloids
What stabilizes a colloid?
Electrostatic repulsion
A colloid is neutral BUT, when a colloid is placed in an electric field, the particles all migrate to the same electrode. The colloid attracts ions of the same charge which surround the colloid particle. Ions of the opposite charge surround the first layer of ions. Being surrounded by ion, the colloid particles repel other colloid particles, and so are unable to aggregate to precipitate out

Colloids
Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Colloids

Colloids
Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Colloids
Sodium stearate has a long hydrophobic tail (CH3(CH2)16-) and a small hydrophobic head (-CO2-Na+). The hydrophobic tail can be absorbed into the oil drop, leaving the hydrophilic head on the surface. The hydrophilic heads then interact with the water and the oil drop is stabilized in water.

Colloids
Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Colloids

Colloidal aggregate in a shear field

Colloids
Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Colloids
Most dirt stains on people and clothing are oil-based. Soaps are molecules with long hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads that remove dirt by stabilizing the colloid in water. Bile excretes substances like sodium stereate that forms an emulsion with fats in our small intestine. Emulsifying agents help form an emulsion.

Colloids
Removal of Colloidal Particles
Colloid particles are too small to be separated by physical means (e.g. filtration). Colloid particles are coagulated (enlarged) until they can be removed by filtration. Methods of coagulation: heating (colloid particles move and are attracted to each other when they collide); adding an electrolyte (neutralize the surface charges on the colloid particles). Dialysis: using a semipermeable membranes separate ions from colloidal particles.

Colloids
To destroy a colloid (coagulation)
heat the colloid
heating increases velocities of particles particles can collide with enough energy to knock off the ion barriers, thus allowing the colloid particles to aggregate and precipitate out.

Colloids
To destroy a colloid (coagulation)
add an electrolyte
the electrolyte will neutralize the ion layers Ex: deposition of clay where a river reaches the ocean. The high salt content of the seawater causes the suspension of clay particles to coagulate.

Coagulation of a Colloid

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