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Introduction
ATM Protocol Architecture Logical connections ATM Cells Service categories ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)
Common layer providing packet transfers Service dependent ATM adaptation layer (AAL)
ATM Layers
Logical Connections
VCC (Virtual Channel Connection): a logical connection analogous to virtual circuit in X.25 VPC (Virtual Path Connection): a bundle of VCCs with same endpoints
Figure 5.2
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Connection Identifiers
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Figure 19-13
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Table 5.1
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VCC Uses
Between end users Between an end user and a network entity Between 2 network entities
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Figure 5.3
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VPC/VCC Characteristics
Quality of Service (QoS) : Cell loss ratio Switched and semi-permanent virtual channel connections Cell sequence integrity Traffic parameter negotiation and usage monitoring (VPC only) virtual channel identifier restriction within a VPC
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Control Signaling
A mechanism to establish and release VPCs and VCCs 4 methods for VCCs:
Semi-permanent VCCs Meta-signaling channel User-to-network signaling virtual channel User-to-user signaling virtual channel
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Control Signaling
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ATM Multiplexing
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ATM Cells
Fixed size 5-octet header 48-octet information field Small cells reduce delay for high-priority cells Fixed size facilitate switching in hardware
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Header Format
Generic flow control Virtual path identifier (VPI) Virtual channel identifier (VCI) Payload type Cell loss priority Header error control
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Figure 5.4
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Figure 19-28
ATM Header
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Control traffic flow at user-network interface (UNI) to alleviate short-term overload conditions When GFC enabled at UNI, 2 procedures used:
Uncontrolled transmission Controlled transmission
Every connection either subject to flow control or not Flow control is from subscriber to network
Controlled by network side
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1st bit indicates user information. 2nd bit indicates congestion. 3rd bit indicates SDU (Service Data Unit).
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Interpretation
User Data, congestion not experienced, SDU type = 0 User Data, congestion not experienced, SDU type = 1 User Data, congestion experienced, SDU type = 0 User Data, congestion experienced, SDU type = 1 OAM segment associated cell OAM end to end associated cell Resource management cell Reserved for future function
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Figure 5.5
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Figure 5.6
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Definition of Terms
COS Class of Service sets a priority of data delivery, based upon the class. Higher priority data get delivered before lower priority data (example which should have higher priority streaming video or email?) QOS Quality of Service involves establishing certain parameters for a specific transmission e.g. amount of bandwidth required for a given priority data transmission, max. amount of latency tolerated, etc Both are required to deliver real-time voice and video traffic
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Service Categories
Real-time service
Constant bit rate (CBR) Real-time variable bit rate (rt-VBR)
Non-real-time service
Non-real-time variable bit rate (nrt-VBR) Available bit rate (ABR) Unspecified bit rate (UBR) Guaranteed frame rate (GFR)
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If want to avoid or decrease variation of delay (jitter), use CBR or rt-VBR CBR Fixed data rate continuously available Commonly used for uncompressed audio and video Video conferencing Interactive audio A/V distribution and retrieval rt-VBR Best for time sensitive applications Tightly constrained delay and delay variation rt-VBR applications transmit at a rate that varies with time e.g. compressed video Produces varying sized image frames Original (uncompressed) frame rate constant So compressed data rate varies Can statistically multiplex connections
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NonNon-Real Time
Intended for applications with bursty traffic and limited constraints on delay and delay variation Greater flexibility, greater use of multiplexing
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nrtnrt-VBR
May be able to characterize expected traffic flow Improve QoS in loss and delay End system specifies:
Peak cell rate Sustainable or average rate Measure of how bursty traffic is
Unused capacity of CBR and VBR traffic made available to UBR For application that can tolerate some cell loss or variable delays
e.g. TCP based traffic
Cells forwarded on FIFO basis Best efforts service Text/Data/image transfer, messaging Remote Terminal (telecommuting)
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Application specifies peak cell rate (PCR) it will use and minimum cell rate (MCR) it requires Resources allocated to give at least MCR Spare capacity shared among ABR and UBR sources e.g. LAN interconnection
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Designed to support IP backbone sub networks Purpose: optimize handling of frame based traffic passing from LAN through router to ATM backbone
Used by enterprise, carrier and ISP networks Consolidation and extension of IP over WAN
Figure 5.8
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ATM Layers
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AAL Services
Handle transmission errors Segmentation/reassembly (SAR) Handle lost and misinserted cell conditions Flow control and timing control
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AAL Protocols
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AAL Types
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Figure 5.9
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Figure 5.10
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AAL Type 1
Constant-bit-rate source: Circuit Emulation SAR simply packs bits into cells and unpacks them at destination One-octet header contains 3-bit SC field to provide an 8-cell frame structure No CS PDU since CS sublayer primarily for clocking and synchronization
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Figure 19-23
AAL1
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AAL 2
Variable bit rate source: MPEG Video. Analog Applications such as audio and video. Timing information but not CBR. Not clearly defined.
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Figure 19-25
AAL3/4
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Figure 5.11
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Figure 5.12
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AAL Type 5
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Figure 19-26
AAL5
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Figure 5.13
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ATM Layer
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