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TESTING
Testing yields basic information about a Plastics, its properties relative to another material, and its quality in reference to a standard.
TEST METHODS
A definitive procedure for the identification, measurement, and evaluation of one or more qualities, characteristics or properties of a material, product, system or service that produces a test result.
CLASSIFICATION OF PROPERTIES
Characterisation /Rheological Electrical Properties Mechanical Properties Optical Properties Permanence Properties Thermal Properties Product Testing
CHARACTERISATION / RHEOLOGICAL
y Torque Rheometer
Torque/Melt Temperature Stability Test Effect of Additives Capillary Rheology
y Thermal Analyser (DSC/TGA/TMA) y Molecular Weight & Distribution (HPLC/GPC) y Identification by FTIR
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES Arc Resistance Comparative Tracking Index Dielectric Strength Dielectric constant
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
Insulation Resistance Resistivity Surface Volume Static Charge
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES y Abrasion Resistance y Bond Strength y Compressive Strength y Co-efficient of Friction y Creep/ Stress relaxation
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
y Flexural Strength y Folding Endurance y Fatigue Resistance y Hardness
iShore A & D iRockwell L, M, R iBrinell
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
y Impact Strength
iIzod / Charpy iFalling Dart - Film / Pipe
OPTICAL PROPERTIES
Clarity Colour Measurement Gloss Haze Microscope Studies
y Pigment Dispersion y Defects
Refractive Index
Mechanical Properties
Introduction The mechanical properties, among all the properties of plastics, are often the most important properties used in End-use application, which involve some degree of mechanical loading Classification
Short-term - Tensile, Compression, Impact, Flexural Long-term - Creep, Stress Relaxation & Fatigue Surface - Abrasion, Hardness, Co-efficient Friction
Stress - Strain
Stress: The force applied to produce deformation in a unit area of a test specimen
FORCE Stress ! AREA ! Kg cm
2
train
( L L
Modulus of Elasticity : The ratio of stress to corresponding strain below the proportional limit of a polymer.
Modulus !
Stress Kg ! c Strain
Tensile Test
Tensile test in a broad sense, is a measurement of the ability of a material to withstand forces that tend to pull it apart and to determine to what extent the material stretches before brea ing.
Significance:
To produce data for the control and specification of polymers to provide useful data for plastics engineering design purpose
Standard:
ASTM D 638, ISO 527-1
Factor:
Temp., RH, Speed, Grips & Specimen preparation
Flexural Test
The ability of the material to withstand bending forces applied perpendicular to its longitudinal axis. Significance :
The polymer used in the form of a beam and if the service failure occurs in bending.
Standard :
AST D 790, ISO 178
Factor :
Temp., RH, Speed & Specimen preparation
Compression Test
Compression Strength: Describe the behaviour of the material when it is subjected to a compressive load at a relatively low and uniform rate of loading. Significance:
To provide standard data for R&D. To now about deformation in compression for Engineering application.
Standard:
ASTM D 790, ISO 178
Factor:
Temp., RH, Speed & Specimen preparation
Impact Test
Describe the resistance of Plastics to brea age by sudden shoc . Types of Impact Test 1. Pendulum Impact - Izod - Charpy - Tensile Impact 2. High Rate Tension Impact Test 3. Free Weight Drop Impact Test 4. Instrumented Impact Test To provide Information about the toughness & brittleness of the materials.
Significance: Standard:
ASTM D 256, 5628, 5420, 1709
Factor:
Temp., RH, Speed & Specimen preparation Notch Sensitivity), MWD, Molecule Orientations & Additives.
Tear Resistance
To determine the force necessary to propagate a tear in the Plastic Film & Sheets. Significance :
Actual End Use Application
Temp., RH, Speed & Specimen preparation Notch Sensitivity), MWD, Molecule Orientations & Additives.
Fatigue Resistance
To determine the repeated cyclic loading (Flexing, Compressing, Twisting & Stretching) Significance :
High Performance & Extreme Reliable Applications.
D 671
WD,
Temp., RH, Speed & Specimen preparation, olecule Orientations & Additives.
Abrasion Resistance
To determine the aterial Loss through Frictional Force, Load, True Contact Significance :
High Performance & Extreme Reliable Applications.
D 1242, 1044
Hardness
Hardness : Resistance of Types of Hardness :
Rockwell Hardness Durometer Hardness Barcol Hardness
aterial to deformation.
Significance :
High Performance & Extreme Reliable Applications.
Co-efficient of Friction
Determination of Sliding Friction of Plastics. Significance :
High Performance & Extreme Reliable Applications.
D 3028
PERMANENCE PROPERTIES
Chemical Resistance Environmental Stress Cracking Resistance (ESCR) Permeability
y Gas Transmission Rate y Moisture Vapour Transmission Rate
Weathering of Plastics
y Natural Weathering y Accelerated Weathering
PERMANENCE PROPERTIES
It Shows the Durability of Plastics Resistance to Environment other than High & Low Temperature, such as Resistance to Sunlight Weather Corrosive Atmosphere Heat Temperature Humidity
Chemical Resistance
Factors affecting Degree of Crystallinity Polar / Non-polar Polymer Bond (Strength & Distance) Polymer Branching Effect of Additives
Immersion Test
Test Method ASTM-D 543 Studying Weight , Dimension & Mechanical Properties Effect of Test :
Loss of Gloss Swelling Clouding Tac iness Crazing Bubbling
Strain-Resistance Test
Test Method ASTM-D 2290 Studying Staining with Tea, Coffee, Blood, Shoe Polish, etc Effect of Test :
Residual Staining Colour of Plastics
Weathering of Plastics
Types of Radiation
X-Ray UV Radiation (100-400nm) Visible Light (400-780nm) Infra Red Radiation
Natural Weathering
Test Method ASTM-D 1435 at 45r facing the equator (south), Ten Alumunium mirror or
Ten Fold Sunlight Studying For Outdoor Exposure
Zones :
Hot & Dry Climate Hot & Wet Climate Winter Cold Temp. Marine Jungle
Accelerated Weathering
Sunlight Vs. Artificial Light Sources Low Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamp Method Arc Lamp Method Xenon Arc Lamp Method Effects : Mechanical Properties Colour Changes Gloss Brittleness
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Brittleness Temperature Crystalline Melting Point Dimensional Stability Flammability yRate of Burning yOxygen Index Test yFlammability as per UL standard Glass Transition Temperature (Tg)
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT) Martens Heat Stability Test Melt Flow Index (MFI) Oxygen Induction Time (OIT) Shrinkage/ Reversion Thermal Conductivity Vicat Softening Point (VSP) Thermal Ageing (Hot air oven)
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