Semilog Plot

Semi-Log Plot - Drawdown

p mlog(t)+b
Even though this is the analogous MDH for a DD, the principles are equally applicable to BU analysis
MDH (Miller-Dyes-
Hutchinson) plot, for a
drawdown,

Considering the ideal case, of putting on production a well with no

wellbore storage and noskin, the blue curve is obtained. The
straight line representing radial flow is established almost
instantaneously, and from the slope of the line the permeability-
thickness product, kh, is obtained.

With wellbore storage but no skin the red curve is obtained.

With skin but no storage, the green curve shows radial flow
immediately, parallel to but offset from the ideal blue line.

A typical test will reveal both wellbore storage and skin,

corresponding to the black curve transitioning on to the green
curve. The storage causes the delay, the skin the offset, and once
again the final straight line slope is unchanged, as permeability is
a reservoir property and is unaffected by near-wellbore effects.
S = 1.151 m log
CtrW
k
2
+ 3.23
m = 162.6
qB
kh
Semi-Log Plot Drawdown

p1hr
Pressure vs Delta t
Plot
p1hr = log
CtrW
m
k
2
3.23 + 0.87 S
m = 162.6
qB
kh
Semi-Log Plot Drawdown - MDH
Delta Pressure vs Delta t Plot
It is strictly valid only for
the first ,ever drawdown
on a well but can in
exceptional
circumstances be used
for analysis of a later
drawdown or even a
build-up.
Semilog Example
The data summarized at Semilog Example.xls were recorded during a
pressure draw down test from an oil well. Estimate the effective
permeability to oil and the skin factor using the semilog graphical
analysis technique for a constant-rate drawdown flow test.
Q = 250 STB/D
Pi = 4,412 psia
H= 46 ft
Poro = 12 %
Rw= 0.365 ft
B=1.136 RB/STB
Ct= 17 E-6 psi-1
Visc= 0.8 cp
Semilog Example.xls
S = 1.151 m log
CtrW
Semilog Example
qB
mh
k 162.6
p1hr
k
2
+ 3.23
Pressure Derivative
Pressure derivative analysis is based on the
observation the pressure variation that occurs during
a well test is more significant than the pressure itself.
The use of pressure derivatives makes the well test
interpretation easier in a number of ways:
Derivative type curves increase the possibility of
converging to a unique model (i.e., solution).
Derivative analysis makes it easier to identify a
semilog straight line.
Derivative analysis makes it easier to identify the
type of reservoir heterogeneity, because the
signatures or patterns it provides are more definitive.
Pressure Derivative

Pressure Derivative
The basic idea of the derivative is to calculate the slope at each point of the pressure
curve on the semi-log (superposition) plot, and to display it on the log-log plot.
Points 1 and 2 fall on the wellbore storage unitslope in early time and, during
the transition to IARF, the derivative peaks at point 4. The transition is
complete at point 6, as the derivative flattens to a value equivalent to m.
Drawdown Test and Pressure Derivative Analysis
Transient flow period:

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

+ 23 3
2
.
r c
k
Log t Log m p p p
w t
p wf i
0
6 162
<

m and
kh
B q .
m
sc
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
p
p
p p
p
p p
t Ln d
dt
dt
p
d .
t Log d
dt
dt
p d
t Log d
p d

3026 2
( )
( )
( )
m
dt
p d
t .
t Log d
p d
p
p
p

3026 2
In radial flow geometry, the pressure drop during the transient period is expressed by:
where
From the above equation,
or
The above development implies that a log-log plot of [d( p)/d(Log t
p
)] versus t
p
should yield a
horizontal line with an intercept equal to m (Figure1 ).
Figure 1
Procedure for Derivative Analysis
t
p
t P
Drivative

.
1 1
1 1
) (
+
+

i i
i i
i i Drivative
t t
p p
t P
To calculate the pressure derivative curve we need to use the formula of
derivative which is:
t
i-1
Pi-1
t
i
Pi
t
i+1
Pi+1
Illustration of Pressure Derivative
Method
L
O
G

p


&


L
O
G

p
'

t
t
0
Wellbore Storage and Skin
Wellbore Storage
0
DERIVATIVE TYPE CURVE
FOR DRAWDOWN ANALYSIS
IN DIMENSIONLESS TERMS:
D
D
D
c
t
p
1

,
`

.
|
D
D
D
c
t
d
dp
During early times when wellbore storage effects dominate,
where c
D
is the wellbore storage constant. By taking the logarithm of both sides, we obtain
Log p
D
= Log t
D
-Log c
D
The above equation shows that log p
D
versus log t
D
is a unit slope line when
wellbore storage effects dominate. Now we can examine the behavior of the
derivative
Therefore, when wellbore storage effects dominate, the derivative of the pressure curve with
respect to t
D
/c
D
also has a unit slope (Figure 2 ,
DRAWDOWN ANALYSIS IN
DIMENSIONLESS TERMS:
During the radial flow period, the dimensionless form of the drawdown equation is:
( )

,
`

.
|
+ +

,
`

.
|

s
D
D
D
D
e c Ln .
c
t
Ln p
2
8097 0
2
1
Then,
2
1

,
`

.
|
D
D
D
c
t
d
dp
The above equation implies that the derivative plot during radial flow will generate a horizontal line with a value of 0.5 (Figure2).
Properties of the Derivative
Wellbore Storage & Skin Response
Dimensionless Groups:
A rule of thumb, developed from the fundamental solutions of the diffusivity
equation including wellbore storage and skin effect (Agarwal et al., 1970),
suggests that the transition period lasts 1.5 log cycles from the cessation of
predominant wellbore storage effects (unit slope line). Points beyond that time
fall on a semi-log straight line.
Log-Log Example.xls
Log-log Example
The data summarized at Log-log Example.xls were recorded
during a
pressure draw down test from an oil well.Your task is to change
the
values of k, S and C until they visually fit the test data in the
Log-log
plot.
k(md) 8.7
S 5
C(STB/d) 0.03
Log-log Example answer
The data summarized at Log-log Example.xls were recorded during a
pressure draw down test from an oil well.Your task is to change the
values of k, S and C until they visually fit the test data in the Log-log
plot.
Log-Log Example.xls
Build-up Tests
Build-up test
A well already flowing (ideally at constant rate) is shut in and
pressure is measured
Practical advantage: constant (zero) rate more easily achieved
Analysis often require slight modification of the techniques for
drawdown
Build-up
Build-up Analysis
q
tp
0
t
p
i
RATE
p
tp
t = t - tp
Buildup Test

Drawdown data quality is subject to many operational problems;

slugging, turbulence, rate variation, inaccurate rate measurements,
instability, unsteady flow, plugging, interruptions, equipment
adjustments, etc

Buildup is measurement of pressure and time when well is shut-in.

In high permeability reservoirs the pressure will buildup to a stabilized

value quickly, but in tight formations the pressure may continue to
buildup for month before stabilization attained.

Buildup must be preceded by flow period.

Simplified Analysis assumes constant flow rate for a duration t hours.

Shut-in time, t, measured from end flow.

Buildup Analysis treated as superposition of flow and injection.

Analysis of buildup data may yield the values of K, S, and the average
reservoir pressure.
Methods of analysis:

Horner plot (1951): Infinite

acting reservoir

Matthews-Brons-Hazebroek
(MBH,1954): Extension of
Horner plot to finite reservoir.

Miller-Dyes-Hutchinson (MDH
plot, 1950): Analysis of P.S.S.
flow conditions.
Buildup is always preceded by a
drawdown and the buildup data are
directly affected by this drawdown.
Behavior of Static Sandface
Pressure Upon Shut-in of a Well
Reflects
kh
Reflects the
wellbore storage
(afterflow)
Reflects the
effects of
boundaries.
( )
]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|
+ S
r c
k
t
kh
qB
p p
w t
o
wf i
87 . 0 23 . 3 log log
6 . 162
2

Flowing sandface pressure during

drawdown
Shut-in wellbore pressure: The static sandface pressure is given by the
sum of the continuing effect of the drawdown rate, q
sc
, and the
superposed effect of the change in rate(0-q
sc
)
( )
( )
( )
]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|
+

+
]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|
+ +
S
r c
k
t
kh
B q
S
r c
k
t t
kh
qB
p p
w t
o
w t
o
ws i
87 . 0 23 . 3 log log
0 6 . 162
87 . 0 23 . 3 log log
6 . 162
2
2

( )
,
`

.
|

+

t
t t
kh
qB
t p p
o
ws i
log
6 . 162
Horner plot relationship- Infinite acting reservoir
( )
,
`

.
|

+

t
t t
kh
qB
t p p
o
ws i
log
6 . 162
Horner plot relationship
kh
qB
m
o
6 . 162

,
`

.
|

t
t t
time Horner
Slope of semilog straight line same as
drawdown used to calculate
permeability.
Buildup test does NOT allow for skin calculation. Skin is obtained from FLOWING pressure
before shut-in.
( ) ( ) ( )

,
`

.
|

]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|
+ +
t
t t
kh
qB
S
r c
k
t
kh
qB
t p t t p
p
o
w t
p
o
p wf p ws
log
6 . 162
87 . 0 23 . 3 log log
6 . 162
2

( ) ( )
]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|
+

,
`

.
|
+

+ S
r c
k
t t
t t
kh
qB
t p t t p
w t p
p
o
p wf p ws
87 . 0 23 . 3 log log
6 . 162
2

hr t 1
( )

'

'

+
]
]
]
]

23 . 3
1
log 151 . 1
2
1
w t p
p wf hr
r c t
t k
m
p p
S

( )
]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|
+

23 . 3
1
log 151 . 1
2
1
w t p
p wf hr
r c t
t k
m
p p
S

Detecting Faults from Buildup

41
42
Pw(t)=pi- mlog
Tp+t
t
t
late time
m
early time
Build-Up Analysis
Log
tp + t
t
m =
162.6qB
kh
Infinite acting flow period
Horner time
tp+ t
p1hr log
m = 162.6
qB
kh
S = 1.151 m
k
CtrW
2
+ log tp+ 1 + 3.23
tp
Horner Plot
Horner Plot Example
The data summarized at Horner Example.xls were recorded during a
pressure build up test from an oil well. Estimate the effective
permeability to oil and the skin factor using the Horner plot graphical
analysis technique.
tp= 25 hr
Q = 542 STB/D
H= 87 ft
Poro = 0.07 %
Rw= 0.25 ft
B= 1.56 RB/STB
Ct= 6E-6 psi-1
Visc= 0.75 cp
Horner Example.xls
Equivalent Time
Agarwal proposed;
Valid for infinite acting radial flow
Build-up Type-curve will match Drawdown type-curve
(t)eq
=
t
1+t
tp
Principle of Superposition
Superposition Concept
Superposition consists of making linear combinations of
solutions of simple problems to form the solution of a
complex one.
Superposition in time: With simple drawdown
solutions, the solution of a test with complex
production history is constructed
Boundary effects: The response of several wells
(or virtual wells) is used to construct the solution
of test that sense boundaries
Main Superposition Principles
For a diffusion problem involving the diffusivity equation,
initial conditions and boundary conditions that are all
linear:
A linear combination of solutions honoring the
diffusion equation also honor this diffusion
equation
At any well or boundary, the flux resulting from
the linear combination of solutions will be the
same linear combination of the corresponding
fluxes.
Main Superposition Principles
If a solution composed of a linear combination of
solutions to the diffusivity equation is found and
honors all boundary and initial conditions, it is the
solution to the problem. Elementary solutions may
or not be physical as long as they honor the
diffusivity equation.
6
Superposition Rules
Derived from the superposition principles
If one considers the pressure change due to a
unit rate production, the pressure change due to
the production of the same system at rate q will
be q times the unit rate solution
Superposition Rules
To simulate the sequence of a constant rate q1
from time zero to time t1, followed by the
production q2 from time t1 to infinity, you can
superpose the production at rate q1 from time zero
to infinity and production of rate (q2 q1) from
time t1 to infinity.
Principle of Superposition
pBU ~ pDD for
tp >> t
Superposition in Time - Buildup