SUBMITTED TO: INSTITUTE OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANT OF INDIA

SUBMITTED BY: Sumit Arora REG. NO.NRO0196445

Acknowledgement
This PROJECT REPORT would not have been possible without the kind assistance and guidance of many persons who indeed over very helpful, co-operative bind and hospitable during the entire course of my report and express my heart felt appreciation on for all these concerned.

SPECIAL THANKS TO:MR. ROHIT SHARMA MR. SATISH KUMAR MRS. SHRUTI SARIN

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 AN INTRODUCTION TO VAT BASIC CONCEPT OF VAT METHODS OF COMPUTATION OF VAT ADDITION METHOD INCOME METHOD SUBTRACTION METHOD MERITS AND DEMERITS OF VAT

AN INTRODUCTION TO VAT AND ITS ORIGIN INTRODUCTION: Concept of VAT was developed to avoid cascading effect of taxes. VAT was found to be a very good and transparent tax collection system, which reduces tax evasion, ensures better tax compliance and increases tax revenue. System of VAT was introduced to service tax w.e.f. 16-8-2002. VAT was not extended to sales tax, as sales tax is under jurisdiction of State Governments. However, State Governments have agreed to introduce sales tax VAT and it is likely to be introduced from April 2005. Haryana Government has introduced sales tax VAT in April 2004 and the experience is reported to be good. A really progressive and welfare oriented country should balance the requirements of direct and indirect taxes in a fair manner. Too much dependence on direct taxes will be repressive but at the same time passing heavy burdens to the general public by way of indirect taxes will constitute hardships to the common citizen. Therefore, economic administrators throughout the world have been constantly engaged in the exercise of lightening the burden of indirect taxes on the ultimate consumers. Suppose, for manufacturing a product A, the manufacturer has to purchase four types of commodities B, C, D and E on which he pays excise duty1. When ultimately he sells his manufactured product A on which he has to discharge his liability towards excise, the excise duty leviable on such product will be on a tax base which will include excise duties paid by the manufacturer on products B, C, D and E. Thus, the final excise duty is a duty on duty, which will increase the cost of production as well as the price of the final product. Excise duty is levied on the manufacture of goods.

BASIC CONCEPT OF VAT Generally, any tax is related to selling price of product. In modern production technology, raw material passes through various stages and processes till it reaches the ultimate stage e.g., steel ingots are made in a steel mill. These are rolled into plates by a re-rolling unit, while third manufacturer makes furniture from these plates. Thus, output of the first manufacturer becomes input for second manufacturer, who carries out further processing and supply it to third manufacturer. This process continues till a final product emerges. This product then goes to distributor/wholesaler, who sells it to retailer and then it reaches the ultimate consumer. Basically, VAT is multi-point tax, with provision for granting set off (credit) of the tax paid at the earlier stage. Thus, tax burden is passed on when goods are sold. This process continues till goods are finally consumed. Hence, VAT is termed as consumption type tax. VAT works on the principle of tax credit system. In simple terms, value added means difference between selling price and purchase price. VAT avoids cascading effect of a tax. Cascading effect of conventional system of taxes - A tax purely based on selling price of a product has cascading effect, which has the following disadvantages - (a) Computation of exact tax content difficult (b) Varying Tax Burden as tax burden depends on number of stages through which a product passes (c) Discourages Ancillarisation (d) Increases cost of production (e) Concessions on basis of use is not possible (f) Exports cannot be made tax free.

VAT to avoid the cascading effect VAT was developed to avoid cascading effect of taxes. In the aforesaid example, value added by B is only Rs. 40 (150110), tax on which would have been only Rs. 4, while the tax paid was Rs. 15. In VAT, the idea is that B will pay tax on only Rs 40 i.e. value added by him. Then, it makes no difference whether a product passes through 5 or 10 stages or even 100 stages, as every person will pay tax only on value added by him to the product and not on total selling price. Tax credit system - VAT removes these defects by tax credit system. Under this system, credit is given at each stage of tax paid at earlier stage. Illustration of tax credit system - In the example we saw above, B will purchase goods from A @ Rs. 110, which is inclusive of duty of Rs. 10. Since B is going to get credit of duty of Rs. 10, he will not consider this amount for his costing. He will charge conversion charges of Rs. 40.00 and sell his goods at Rs. 140. He will charge 10% tax and raise invoice of Rs. 154.00 to C. (140 plus tax @ 10%). In the Invoice prepared by B, the duty shown will be Rs. 14. However, B will get credit of Rs. 10 paid on the raw material purchased by him from A. Thus, effective duty paid by B will be only Rs. 4. C will get the goods at Rs. 154 and not at Rs. 165 which he would have got in absence of Cenvat. Thus, in effect, B has to pay duty only on Rs 40, which is the value added by him. Following example will illustrate the tax credit method of Cenvat.

Transaction without VAT Details Purchases Value Added SubTotal Add Tax 10% Total A 100 100 10 110 B 110 40 150 15 165

Transaction with VAT A 100 100 10 110 B 100 40 140 14 154

Note - 'B' is purchasing goods from 'A'. In second case, his purchase price is Rs 100/as he is entitled to Cenvat credit of Rs 10/- i.e. tax paid on purchases. His invoice shows tax paid as Rs 14. However, since he has got credit of Rs 10/-, effectively he is paying only Rs 4/- as tax, which is 10% of Rs 40/-, i.e. 10% of 'value added' by him

METHODS OF COMPUTATION OF VAT There are several methods to calculate the value added to the goods for levy of tax. The three commonly used methods are: (a) Addition method, (b) Invoice method and (c) Subtraction method. The subtraction method can be further divided into: (a) Direct subtraction method (b) Intermediate subtraction method (a.) Addition Method This method aggregates all the factor payments including profits to arrive at the total value addition on which the rate is applied to calculate the tax. This type of calculation is mainly used with income variant of VAT. Addition method does not easily accommodate exemptions of intermediate dealers. A drawback of this method is that it does not facilitate matching of invoices for detecting evasion.

(b.) Invoice Method This is the most common and popular method for computing the tax liability under 'VAT' system. Under this method, tax is imposed at each stage of sales on the entire sale value and the tax paid at the earlier stage is allowed as set-off. In other words, out of tax so calculated, tax paid at the earlier stage i.e., at the stage of purchases is set-off, and at every stage the differential tax is being paid. The most important aspect of this method is that at each stage, tax is to be charged separately in the invoice. This method is very popular in western countries. In India also-, under Central Excise Law this method is followed. This method is also called the 'Tax Credit Method' or 'Voucher Method' (c). Subtraction Method Under this method, the tax is charged only on the value added at each stage of the sale of goods. Since, the total value of goods sold is not taken into account, the question of grant of claim for set-off or tax credit does not arise. This method is normally applied where the tax is not charged separately. Under this method for imposing tax, 'value added' is simply taken as the difference between sales and purchases.

MERITS OF VAT 1. No tax evasion: It is said that VAT is a logical beauty. Under VAT, credit of duty paid is allowed against the liability on the final product manufactured or sold. Therefore, unless proper records are kept in respect of various inputs, it is not possible to claim credit. Hence, suppression of purchases or production will be difficult because it will lead to loss of revenue. 2. Neutrality: The greatest advantage of the system is that it does not interfere in the choice of decision for purchases. This is because the system has anti-cascading effect. How much value is added and at what stage it is added in the system of production/distribution is of no consequence. The system is neutral with regard to choice of production technique, as well as business organization. All other things remaining the same, the issue of tax liability does not vary the decision about the source of purchase. VAT facilitates precise identification and rebate of the tax on purchases and thus ensures that there is no cascading effect of tax. In short, the allocation of resources is left to be decided by the free play of market forces and competition. 3. Certainty: The VAT is a system based simply on transactions. Thus there is no need to go through complicated definitions like sales, sales price, turnover of purchases and turnover of sales. The tax is also broad-based and applicable to all sales in business leaving little room for different interpretations. Thus, this system brings certainty to a great extent.

4. Transparency: Under a VAT system, the buyer knows, out of the total consideration paid for purchase of material, what is tax component. Thus, the system ensures transparency also. This transparency enables the State Governments to know as to what is the exact amount of tax coming at each stage. Thus, it is a great aid to the Government while taking decisions with regard to rate of tax etc. 5. Better revenue collection and stability: The Government will receive its due tax on the final consumer/retail sale price. There will be a minimum possibility of revenue leakage, since the tax credit will be given only if the proof of tax paid at an earlier stage is produced. This means that if the tax is evaded at one stage, full tax will be recoverable from the person at the subsequent stage or from a person unable to produce proof of such tax payment. Thus, in particular, an invoice of VAT will be self enforcing and will induce business to demand invoices from the suppliers. Another attribute of VAT is that it is an exceptionally stable and flexible source of government revenue. 6. Better accounting systems: Since the tax paid on an earlier stage is to be received back, the system will promote better accounting systems. 7. Effect on retail price: A persistent criticism of the VAT form has been that since the tax is payable on the final sale price, the VAT usually increases the prices of the goods. However, VAT does not have any inflationary impact as it merely replaces the existing equal sales tax. It may also be pointed out that with the introduction of VAT, the tax impact on raw material is to be totally eliminated.

DEMERITS OF VAT: 1. The merits accrue in full measure only under a situation where there is only one rate of VAT and VAT applies to all commodities without any question of exemptions whatsoever. Once concessions like differential rates of VAT, composition schemes, exemption schemes, exempted category of goods etc. are built into the system, distortions are bound to occur and the fundamental principle that VAT will totally eliminate cascading effects of taxes will also be subject to qualifications. 2. In the federal structure of India in the context of sales-tax, so long as Central VAT is not integrated with the State VAT, it will be difficult to put the purchases from other States at par with the State purchases. Therefore, the advantage of neutrality will be confined only for purchases within the State. 3. For complying with the VAT provisions, the accounting cost will increase. The burden of this increase may not be commensurate with the benefit to traders and small firms. 4. Another possible weak point in the introduction of VAT, which will have an adverse impact on it is that, since the tax is to be imposed or paid at various stages and not on last stage, it would increase the working capital requirements and the interest burden on the same. In this way it is considered to be non-beneficial as compared to the single stage-last point taxation system. 5. VAT is a form of consumption tax. Since, the proportion of income spent on consumption is larger for the poor than for the rich, VAT tends to be regressive. However, this weakness is inherent in all the forms of consumption tax. While it may be possible to moderate the distribution impact of VAT by taxing necessities at a lower rate,