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6/22/2011
Battering Rams!!
Battering Rams!!
Objectives
Soldiers are able to describe how the body handles heat to include; conditions affecting body heat, heat gain or loss, effects of heat stress and the bodys cooling system Soldiers can describe the causes, symptoms, and apply initial first aid to soldiers that are victims of minor heat stress disorders. Soldiers are able to describe prevention measures. Soldiers can describe the causes, symptoms, and apply initial first aid to soldiers that are victims of major heat stress disorders. Soldiers are able to describe prevention measures. Soldiers can describe factors that control heat stress.
Battering Rams!!
Heat Stress
High temperatures put stress on our bodies. The bodys cooling system has to work hard to reduce the effects of heat stress. This physical strain -- combined with other stresses such as energy loss and heat production through physical work and loss of fluid from sweating -- may lead to heat disorders, disability, or even death.
Battering Rams!!
Battering Rams!!
Heat disorders are preventable with proper planning, supervision and training. Steps you can take to cope with the hazards of heat stress include: Understanding the effects of heat stress. Knowing the symptoms and treatment for heat stress disorders. Taking personal precautions against heat disorders.
Battering Rams!!
Battering Rams!!
While resting, the body loses 75 percent of its heat through conduction, convection or radiation from the blood flow at the skin surface. However, as internal body heat rises as the result of work or high temperatures, blood flow to the skin increases and the pulse rate goes up, putting a strain on the heart and circulatory system.
Battering Rams!!
How the Body Handles Heat (cont.) Your Bodys Cooling System When more blood is pumped close to the skin, less blood goes to the brain. Sudden movements can result in dizziness or a momentary blackout, which could cause secondary injuries or accidents at a job site. If the temperature of the air and surrounding objects in your work area rises above body temperatures, it becomes very difficult for your body to cool. The evaporation of sweat becomes the bodys most important-and sometimes only-cooling method.
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How the Body Handles Heat (cont.) Your Bodys Cooling System Sweating can make things worse by causing you to lose body fluids and salt. Most people lose about a quart of sweat an hour while working in extreme heat. This strains the circulatory system since it actually lowers the volume of blood in your body. Sweating may not be enough to get rid of heat, since sweat must evaporate to cool your body. If the air is too full of water vapor to absorb any more, you can work directly in front of a fan and still not lose sufficient heat to keep cool.
Battering Rams!!
How the Body Handles Heat (cont.) Your Bodys Cooling System Finally, if your bodys natural defenses against heat are pushed beyond their limits, they may simply shut down, leading to an uncontrolled and explosive rise in body temperature that can cause heat stroke, permanent damage to the central nervous system or death.
Battering Rams!!
Cause
Exposure of unprotected skin to ultraviolet light. First degree-red, painful skin. Second degree-blistering and/or peeling. Skin lotions. Topical anesthetics Staying in a shaded area. Limit exposure on bare skin. Use sunscreen instead of tanning lotion.
Symptoms
Treatments
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Heat rash, also known as prickly heat, is another minor annoyance that can lower the bodys ability to lose heat. Cause
Hot, humid environment. Sweat wont evaporate. Skin stays wet most of the time. Red rash Itching Ointment Bathe regularly. Keep skin clean and dry
Symptoms
Treatment
Prevention
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Symptoms
Prevention
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Symptoms
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Victims of heat exhaustion must be examined by a qualified medical practitioner and should not participate in strenuous activity for the rest of the day. Bed rest and restoration of body water and salt usually are all the treatment needed. Battering Rams!!
Battering Rams!!
First-aid Treatment The most important step is prompt recognition of heat stroke symptoms and immediate treatment.
You must lower the victims body temperature as fast as possible. Immerse him in cold water. Dont give liquids to unconscious victims. Call an ambulance and evacuate the victim to a hospital.
Battering Rams!!
Battering Rams!!
Follow scheduled work/rest cycles that keep any individual from overdoing it. Remember, rest means minimal activity, not stopping work completely. Workers may alternate light and heavy work, indoor and outdoor work, etc. Duties may also be rotated among several workers to protect them from heat, and workload can be adjusted on body size or physical strength. Exertional heat illness is produced primarily by working people too hard, too fast, and/or too long for their physical and medical state and the environmental conditions.
Battering Rams!!
Battering Rams!!
Summary
Some of the factors affecting heat stress are things you can control -such as the amount of water you drink -- while others are not. For your safety, here is a summary of physical conditions that can hurt your bodys natural ability to withstand high temperatures: Dehydration y Diarrhea Exposure to high temperatures at night Fatigue y Recent immunizations Improper work procedures y Loss of sleep Lack of acclimatization y Medications Older age (over 40) y Obesity Previous occurrence of heat stroke. Poor physical conditioning Recent drug or alcohol use (within 24 hours) Skin Trauma (heat rash or sunburn) Wrong type or amount of clothing. (Light, loose-fitting clothing is recommended)
Battering Rams!!
Prepared by: U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (800) 222-9698/ DSN 584-4375/(410) 436-4375 http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil
Battering Rams!!
Susceptibility Factors
Previous cold weather injury Inadequate nutrition Alcohol, caffeine, nicotine Dehydration Overactivity Underactivity Long exposure to the cold Sick or injured Acclimatization Ethnic/geographic origin Wind, cold, rain Age Discipline and morale Physical stamina Inadequate training Poor clothing and equip
Battering Rams!!
Prevention
Eat properly and often Drink warm liquids (non-caffeinated) and water Wear uniform properly (layers worn loosely) Keep active Stay dry Use warming tents Get plenty of rest Buddy watch/observation/NCO checks
Battering Rams!!
Hypothermia
MEDICAL EMERGENCY; life threatening condition Severe body heat loss-body temp falls below 95oF Occurs when:
conditions are windy, clothing is wet, and/or the individual is inactive extended water exposure or immersion
1 hour or less when water temp is below 45oF prolonged exposure in slightly cool water (e.g. 60oF) thunderstorms, hail, rain and accompanying winds
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Hypothermia
Initial Symptoms
shivering dizzy, drowsy withdrawn behavior irritability confusion slowed, slurred speech altered vision stumbling
Severe Stages
stops shivering desire to lie down and sleep heartbeat and breathing is faint or undetectable unconsciousness followed by DEATH
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Hypothermia
Treatment
prevent further cold exposure evacuate immediately if severe hypothermia remove wet clothing rewarm with body-to-body contact or in a warmed sleeping bag warm, sweet liquids if conscious give CPR if needed
Battering Rams!!
Frostbite
Air temps below 32oF
skin freezes at 28oF
Symptoms
initially redness in light skin or grayish in dark skin tingling, stinging sensation turns numb, yellowish, waxy or gray color feels cold, stiff, woody blisters may develop
Battering Rams!!
Frostbite
Battering Rams!!
Frostbite
Treatment
remove from cold and prevent further heat loss remove constricting clothing and jewelry rewarm affected area evenly with body heat until pain returns
when skin thaws it hurts!! do not rewarm a frostbite injury if it could refreeze during evacuation or if victim must walk for medical treatment
do not massage affected parts or rub with snow evacuate for medical treatment
Battering Rams!!
Chilblains
Nonfreezing cold injury Cold, wet conditions (between 32-60oF, high humidity) Repeated, prolonged exposure of bare skin Can develop in only a few hours Ears, nose, cheeks, fingers, and toes
Symptoms: initially pale and colorless worsens to achy, prickly sensation then numbness red, swollen, hot, itchy, tender skin upon rewarming blistering in severe cases
Battering Rams!!
Chillblains
Battering Rams!!
Chilblains Treatment
prevent further exposure wash, dry gently rewarm (apply body heat) dont massage or rub dry sterile dressing seek medical aid
Battering Rams!!
Trench/Immersion Foot
Potentially crippling, nonfreezing injury (temps from 50oF-32oF) Prolonged exposure of skin to moisture (12 or more hours, days) High risk during wet weather, in wet areas, or sweat accumulated in boots or gloves
Symptoms
initially appears wet, soggy, white, shriveled sensations of pins and needles, tingling, numbness, and then pain skin discoloration-red, bluish, or black becomes cold, swollen, and waxy appearance may develop blisters, open weeping or bleeding in extreme cases, flesh dies
Battering Rams!!
Trench/Immersion Foot
Battering Rams!!
Trench/Immersion Foot
Treatment prevent further exposure dry carefully DO NOT break blisters, apply lotions, massage, expose to heat, or allow to walk on injury rewarm with body heat clean and wrap loosely elevate feet to reduce swelling evacuate for medical treatment
Battering Rams!!
Dehydration A loss of body fluids to the point of slowing or preventing normal body functions Increases chance of becoming a cold weather casualty, esp hypothermia Can lead to heat cramps or heat exhaustion
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Dehydration
Symptoms
dark urine headache dizziness, nausea weakness dry mouth, tongue, throat, lips lack of appetite stomach cramps or vomiting irritability decreased amount of urine being produced mental sluggishness increased or rapid heartbeat lethargic unconsciousness
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Dehydration Treatment
drink WATER or other warm liquids avoid caffeinated liquids (sodas, coffee, tea) do not eat snow rest
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Conclusion Dress properly Drink plenty of fluids Eat right Keep in shape Get plenty of rest Minimize periods of inactivity Maintain a positive attitude
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Reference Materials
Center for Army Lessons Learned Newsletter No. 97-5 Winning in the Winter Technical Note No. 92-2 Sustaining Health and Performance in the Cold: Environmental Medicine Guidance for Cold-Weather Operations TC 21-3 Soldiers Handbook for Individual Operations and Survival in Cold-Weather Areas FM 31-70 Basic Cold Weather Manual FM 21-10 Field Hygiene and Sanitation FM 21-11 First Aid for Soldiers TB MED 81 Cold Injury FD Pam 40-5 Win in the Heat and Cold: Climatic Injury Prevention Guide
Battering Rams!!
Reference Materials
Calculating Wind Chill Equivalent Temperature (WCET)
Find wind speed on left side of chart Find actual temperature on top row Wind chill equivalent temperature located where the two intersect