THE PERIODIC TABLE AND PERIODICITY OF PERIOD 3

Done by: Chuan Ai Vee Elain Teoh Yeo Hsiu Chin

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Atomic

radius

1st

I.E

Electronegativity

Electron

affinity

The Ionic radius

ATOMIC RADIUS
Factors affecting the atomic radius: a) Nuclear Charge b) Screening effect Explaination: Going across Period 3

no. of proton and no. of electron Nuclear charge to The electrons are added to the same quantum number of shells (screening effect to remain almost constant) Electron clouds are being pulled closer to the nucleus The atomic size decreases

1ST IONISATION ENERGY

Defination: minimum energy required to remove one mol of electrons from a gaseous atom to form a unipositive ion under std. conditions. M (g) M (g) + e Depends on: a) Nuclear charge b) Size of atom

Eletronic configuration of Mg: 1s22s22p63s2 Eletronic configuration of P: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3

ELECRONEGATIVITY

Definition: relative strength of an atom to attract electrons in a covalent bond to which it is bonded.
Going across Period 3 The atomic size decreases Effective nuclear charge inc. from sodium to chlorine

ELECTRON AFFINITY

Defination: heat change when a gaseous atom receives one mole of electron to form a uninegative ion under std. cond. M(g) + e M (g) atomic size dec ability toaccept e- inc electron affinity also inc.

Going across P3

Strong reducing agents Large (-ve) value

 

Mg ( Extraction of titanium (iv) chloride) : Al (Extraction of chromium)

TiCl + 2Mg 2MgCl + Ti : Cr 0 + 2Al Al 0 + 2Cr

Oxidising agents P+3e P S+2e s Cl +2e 2Cl (powerful) +1.36V

IONIC RADIUS
Na
Mg

Al

Cl

Size of cation: Smaller

Size of anion : smaller

Reason: all cations and anions are isoelectronic

(having same number of electrons) but the nuclear charge increases from 11 for Na and 13 for Al . Hence, the attraction btw the nucleus ant the e- cloud grew stronger. This applies to the anions which the nuclear charge increases from 15 for P and 17 for Cl.

Electronic configuration:

2.8 2.8.8 Si neither forms cation or anion

1. REACTION OF THE ELEMENTS WITH O2.

Sodium: Burns vigorously with a yellow flame. 4Na(s) + O2(g) 2Na2O(s)

Magnesium: Burns less vigorously with a brilliant white flame. 2Mg (s) + O2 (g) 2MgO (s)

Aluminium: rxn slowly with air, brilliant white light 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) 2Al2O3 (s)

Silicon: forms acidic silicon dioxide Si(s) + O2(g) SiO2 (s) Phosphorus: form acidic oxides. White P burns into flames in the presence of O2. If excess O2, P4O10 is formed. If O2 is limited, phosphorus trioxide P4O6 is formed. P4(s) + 5O2(g) P4O10 (s) (excess) P4(s) + 3O2(g) P4O6 (s) ( limited)

Sulphur: Burns with a brilliant blue flame. S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g) 2S(s) + 3O2(g) 2SO3(g)

Chlorine does not react directly with O2.

3. REACTION OF THE ELEMENTS WITH WATER.

Sodium:

The rx is vigorous with hissing 2NaOH(aq) + H (g)

sound. 2Na(s) + 2H O(l)

Magnesium:

Does not rx with cold water, but very exothermically with steam to give the oxide. Mg(s) + H O(g) MgO(s) + H (g)

 Aluminium,

silicon, phosphorus and sulphur do not react with H2O rx slowly to form chlorine water, which is a mixture of HCl and chloric(I) acid Cl2(aq) + H2O(l) HOCl (aq) + HCl(aq)

Chlorine:

Acid- Base properties of Oxides and Hydrolysis of Oxides Na 0 MgO Al 0 +1 +2 +3 Si0 +4 P 0 +5 S0 +4 S0 +6 Cl 0 +7 Cl 0 +1

Base Amphoteric

Acid

OXIDES OF PERIOD 3 ELEMENTS PROPERTIES

Na 0 White solid Giant ionic lattice Soluble in water to form a strongly alkaline solution Na 0(s)+H 0(l) 2NaOH(aq) Reacts with acids to form salts- A BASIC OXIDE

Na 0(s)+HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) +H 0(l)

MgO
White solid Giant ionic lattice Sparingly soluble in water to form hydroxide(low solubility due to metals greater charge density) Mg0(s)+H 0(l) Mg(OH) (aq) white solid suspension (milk of magnesia) Reacts with acids to form salts- A BASIC OXIDES Mg0(s)+2HCl(aq) MgCl (aq) +H 0(l)

Al 0 Giant lattice with some covalent character Insoluble in water AMPHOTHERIC: it reacts with both acids and alkalis to give salts With acids: With alkali:

Silicon dioxide Si0 Acidic React with alkali salt+ water Si0 (s)+ 2NaOH(aq) Na 0 (aq) +H 0(l) silicate

S0 Simple covalent molecule

Soluble in water Reacts with water to give a weak acidic sol.

sulphurous acid, H S0

Oxides of phosphorus, sulphur and chlorine all react with water acidic sol.

P 0 (s)+ 6H 0(l) 4H P0 (aq) S0 (g)+ H 0(l) H S0 (aq) Cl 0 (aq)+ H 0(l) 2HCl0 (aq)
* Mg0, Al0 and Si0 are insoluble in water

QUESTION
1.

Across period 3, the reactivity towards O2

become weaker or stronger? Ans: weaker Why? Ans: Because the electro(-) and I.E of element , so it is difficult to lose e. E.A across period => easier accept e
2.

Which of the following elements from P.3(Na to Cl) in the Periodic Table forms an oxide with the highest oxidation number? A. Silicon B. Phosphorus C. Sulphur D: Chlorine Ans: D Explaination: Cl is in group 17 of the periodic table. It exhibits the maximum oxidation number of +7.

STPM 1999 (P1)

Among which of the following pairs of the Period 3 elements is the diff, in b.p the greatest? A. Si and Ar B. Na and Ar C. Al and Cl D. Al and P

Ans: A Explaination: Si has the highest boiling point because of its giant covalent structure. Argon has the lowest b.p because of its small monoatomic atom.

STPM 2000 (P1)

Which of the following statements is true regarding the oxides of the elements in Period 3(Na to Cl) of the Periodic Table? A. Sodium oxide is the strongest base because sodium is the most electropositive element in Period 3 B: Going across Period 3, the properties of the oxides changes from base to acid because the bond between the element and oxygen gets stronger. C: Aluminiun oxide is amphoteric because it is in G13 D: Oxide of phosphorus forms the strongest acid because it is most soluble on water. E: Silicon dioxide does not react with aqueous sodium hydroxide because it is neutral.

Ans: A Explaination: Na is the most electropositve element in P3. Not all oxidess of P3 elements are amphoteric. Oxides of phosphorus dissolves in water to form weak acid (H P0 and H P0 ). Silicon dioxide is acidic.

STPM 2001 (P1)

Question: Going across Period 3(sodium to chlorine) in the Periodic Table A. the electronegativity of the element B. the ionisation energy of the element C. the std. electrode potential of the element D. the strength of the elements as reducing agents Ans: C Explaination: Going across Period 3, the size of atom while the nuclear charge . This causes the electronegativity to

Question: Which of the following is true with regards to the oxides Na 0, Mg0 and Al 0 ? All are solid at room temperature All are soluble in water All are basic oxides

A. B. C.

Ans: A Explaination: Al 0 is amphoteric and insoluble in water.

Question: Ar, K and Cl are isoelectronic. What is the correct order for their radii? Ar < Cl < K K < Cl < Ar Cl < K < Ar K < Ar < Cl

A B C D

Atom/ Ion No. of proton No. of electron Ionic size

Ar 18 18 Has no extra electron shell

K 19(K) 18 Less one electron shell

Cl 17 (Cl) 18 Has one extra electron shell

Ans: D Explaination:

Question: The oxide of W is insoluble in water and in dilute acid but is soluble in hot and conc. NaOH. (Si0 ) The oxide of X is amphoteric . (Al 0 ) The oxide of Y reacts with dilute NaOH at room temp. (S0 ) The oxide of Z dissolves in water to form a strong alkaline solution. (Na 0) Which of the following is correct in order of increasing proton number? A Z,X,W,Y B W,X,Y,Z Oxides W X Y Z C Z,W,X,Y Si Al S Na Element of D Z,Y,W,X oxides Ans:A

No of proton

18

16

20

12

Question: Which of the following elements forms two oxides with formulae of X 0 and X 0 ?

A Aluminium B Silicon C Sulphur D Chlorine Ans: D Explaination: Cl 0 and Cl 0

Which of the following statements explains why Al 0 is insoluble in water? A. Al 0 is amphoteric B. Al 0 is stable C. Al 0 has a partial covalent bond D. The lattice enrgyt of Al 0 is high E. Al 0 can form complex ions. Ans: C Explaination: Distortion/ polarisation of the 0 ion by small Al ion gives rise to a significant amount of covalant character in the ionic bond.

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