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ICRU
International Commission on Radiation Units & Measurement (ICRU)
In 1980 ICRU
Suggested & re-defined the units of Radiation Physics in S.I. units Old units were in C.G.S.
Radiometric quantities (specify): 1. Rate of disintegration of atoms / sec 2. Radiation field at a point in free space/matter 3. Define the energy fluence (Exposure, Kerma) Dosimetric quantities (provide): A physical measure of actual/potential effects of ionizing radiation field at a point/region of interest (Absorbed Dose) Protection quantities: Developed to avoid the harmful effects of radiation (deterministic and stochastic)
PQ of Radiation Physics
Energy Radioactivity Air KERMA Exposure Absorbed Dose Equivalent Dose Effective Dose
Energy of Radiation
electron Volt kilo electron Volt Million electron Volt (eV) (keV) (MeV)
Electron Volt
1 electron volt
P.E. that an electron would possess when placed in electric field of 1volt eV = = -1.6 x 10-19 C x -1 V 1.6 x 10-19 Joules
Radioactivity
It is defined as the average number of spontaneous nuclear transformations taking place in unit time. Its Unit is Becquerel (Bq) (Bq) 1 Bq = 1 disintegration per second (1 dps) dps) Practical Units : kBq, MBq, GBq etc. kBq, MBq,
Old unit was Curie (Ci) [Radium] 1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 dps = 3.7 x 1010 Bq Conversion of old unit into new `Becquerel is a smaller quantity than `Curie 1 micro Ci x (3.7 x 1010) = 3.7 x 104 = 37 kBq 1 milli Ci x (3.7 x 1010) = 3.7 x 107 =37 MBq 1 Ci x (3.7 x 1010) = 3.7 x 1010 = 37 GBq
Maria Curie Russia, 1867-1934
ACTIVITY
Quantity (intensity) of radiation released from a radiation source Activity (intensity) of a radiation source reduces with time (half life) Though activity (intensity) reduces, but the energy of radiation emitted remains same All the atoms (6.03 x 1023 / A) do not decay at a time (the number of atoms that decay)
Types of Radiation
Two types of radiation:
Directly ionising : charges particles (alpha and beta ve & +ve) (Non-penetrating) Indirectly ionising : uncharged particles (x-rays, gamma and neutrons) (Penetrating)
Exposure
For external radiation Measure of Photon flux Amount of radiation-flux (energy) transferred radiationin unit mass of air It is the radiation field measured in the form of energy fluence at a point in air
Air as medium why?
Definition of Exposure
The quantity of x or gamma radiation that produces ions carrying 1 coulomb of charge (of either sign) in 1 kg of air. Unit of exposure : C/kg (New Unit) Old unit is `Roentgen (R)
The quantity of x or gamma radiation that produces ions carrying 1 esu of charge (of either sign) in 1 cc of air at STP.
The unit of Dose : J/Kg Another name of unit is : Gray (Gy) (Gy)
1 rad is the equal to 100 ergs energy absorbed in 1 g of material 1 rad = 100 ergs/g = 10-2 J/Kg = 10-2 Gy
(107 ergs = 1 J)
To account for the variation in effectiveness of type of radiation, the Dose (absorbed) is modified by a factor called radiation weighting factor (wR).
HT = 7R DT,R wR
Since wR is a dimensionless quantity, the unit of Equv. Dose is also J/Kg A special name is given to it `Sievert (Sv)
Old unit of equiv. Dose was `rem Equiv. Dose in rem = (Dose in rad) x (wR) 1 rem = 0.01 Sv
or
wT - tissue weighting factor (Unit less) Therefore unit of effective dose is also Sv Old unit - `rem
wT
0.08 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.01
Organ
Stomach Colon Liver Oesophagus Bladder Bone Surface Brain Skin
wT
0.12 0.12 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.01
Radioactivity
1 Bq = 2.7 x 10-11
Bq < Ci
Exposure
C/Kg
C/Kg = 3881 R
C/Kg > R
Air KARMA
Gy/Kg
A.K. > R
Dose
Gy
rad
1 Gy = 100 rads
Gy > rad
Equ. Dose
Sv
Rem
1 Sv = 100 rem
Sv > rem
The End
`Bq is only measure of quantity of radioactive material In 1 disintegration 1 atom is transformed 1 dps 1 atom is transformed in 1 sec It does not mean : only one radiation would be emitted in 1 dps e.g.
60Co
Specific Activity
Bq is used as a unit of quantity. But it does not imply any thing about mass or volume of radioactive material in which the specific transformations occur. The concentration of radioactivity or the relationship between the mass of radioactive material and the activity is known as SPECIFIC ACTIVITY
S.A
S.A. of Radium 226 T1/2 = 1622 x 365 x 24 x 60 x 60 (seconds) Avogadro Number = 6.03 x 1023 At. Wt. of 226Ra = 226 S.A. = 3.7 x 1010 Bq Carrier free: Free from other isotope of same material (e.g. 60Co & 59Co) In radioactivity 1 g of 35S is equivalent to 1/6g of 32P