Ora000003 Cdma2000 Principle (WLL) Issue4.0

Internal
ORA000003 CDMA2000 Principle

ISSUE 4.0
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
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Upon completion of this course, you will be able to: the development of mobile communication system the techniques used by CDMA system including: source coding, channel coding, interleaving, scrambling, spreading and modulation etc. power control, soft handoff, RAKE receiver F-PCH,F-PICH,F-SYNCH,F-FCH,F-SCH,R-ACH,R-PICH Long code, Short code and Walsh code
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Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: CDMA Techniques & Technologies Chapter 3: CDMA Air Interface
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Development of Mobile Communications

1st Generation 1980s (analog) 2nd Generation 1990s (digital)
Introduction
3rd Generation current (digital)
AMPS TACS NMT OTHERS
GSM CDMA IS95 TDMA IS-136 PDC
UMTS WCDMA
Analog to Digital
Voice to Broadband
CDMA 2000 TDSCDMA
3G provides: Complete integrated service solutions High bandwidth Unified air interface Best spectral efficiency and a step towards PCS
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Transmission Techniques
CDMA
Power
Tim
y nc ue q
Introduction
TDMA
Power
Tim e
Fre
e Fr
Traffic channels: different users are assigned unique code and transmitted over the same frequency band, for example, WCDMA and CDMA2000
y nc ue q
Traffic channels: different time slots are allocated to different users, for example, DAMPS and GSM
FDMA
Power
Us er Us User Us e r Us e r er
ue eq Fr y nc
Us er
Tim e
Traffic channels: different frequency bands are allocated to different users,for example, AMPS and TACS
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TDMA
Introduction
user
user
user
Power
user
user
Tim
cy en qu Fre
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3G Objectives
3G is developed to achieve:
Universal frequency band for standard and seamless global
Introduction
coverage
High spectral efficiency High quality of service with complete security and reliability Easy and smoothly transition from 2G to 3G, compatible with 2G Provide multimedia services, with the rates:
Vehicle environment: 144kbps Walking environment: 384kbps Indoor environment: 2Mbps
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Standards for 3G
CDMA2000 3GPP2
FDD mode
Introduction
WCDMA 3GPP
FDD mode
TD-SCDMA
3G system
CWTS
TDD mode
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A Comparison b/w 3G standards

WCDMA Receiver type Close loop power control Handoff Demodulation mode Chip rate (Mcps) Transmission diversity mode Synchronization mode Core network RAKE Supported CDMA2000 RAKE Supported
Introduction
TD-SCDMA RAKE Supported
Soft/hard handoff Soft/hard handoff Soft/hard handoff Coherent 3.84 TSTD, STTD FBTD Asynchronous GSM MAP Coherent N*1.2288 OTD, STS Synchronous ANSI-41
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Coherent 1.28 No Asynchronous GSM MAP
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Development of CDMA
CDMA2000 3X CDMA2000 307.2kbps IS95A 9.6kbps IS95A 115.2kbps
Introduction
Heavier voice service capacity ; Longer period of standby time
CDMA2000 1X EV 1X EV-DO 1X EV-DV
1995
1998
2000 2003
Higher spectrum efficiency and network capacity Higher packet data rate and more diversified services Smooth transit to 3G
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Frequency Allocation In CDMA2000

Band Class 0 and Spreading Rate 1
Transmit Frequency Band (MHz) Block Designator A(10MHz) B(10MHz) A(1.5MHz) B(2.5MHz) CDMA Channel Validity Valid Valid Valid Valid CDMA Channel Number 1-311 356-644 689-694 739-777 Mobile Station Base Station
Introduction
825.030-834.330 835.680-844.320 845.670-845.820 847.170-848.310
870.030-879.330 880.680-889.320 890.670-890.820 892.170-893.310
The transmit frequence point for Base Station is computed by: F=870+N*0.03 N: CDMA Channel Number
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Frequency Allocation In CDMA2000

Band Class 1 and Spreading Rate 1
Transmit Frequency Band (MHz) Block Designator A(15MHz) D(5MHz) B(15MHz) E(5MHz) F(5MHz) C(15MHz) CDMA Channel Validity Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid CDMA Channel Number 25-275 325-375 425-675 725-775 825-875 925-1175 Mobile Station
Introduction
Base Station
1851.250-1863.750 1866.250-1868.750 1871.250-1883.750 1886.250-1888.750 1891.250-1893.750 1896.250-1908.750
1931.250-1943.750 1946.250-1948.750 1951.250-1963.750 1966.250-1968.750 1971.250-1973.750 1976.250-1988.750
The transmit frequence point for Base Station is computed by: F=1930+N*0.05 N: CDMA Channel Number
CDMA2000 1X Network Structure

MIP HA PDSN/FA
Introduction
INTERNET
Um
BTS
BSC/PCF Abis BSC/PCF/IW FA10/A11

AAA Abis V5 V5 LE LE
A b is
Optical BTS Softsite Fiber

Um
BTS Abis BTS
E1/STM-1
RemoteM o d u le Model
IWF
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Correlation
+1 -1 +1 -1
CDMA Techniques & Technologies
Correlation 100% so the functions are parallel
(a)
+1 -1 +1 Correlation 0% so the functions are orthogonal
(b)
Orthogonal Function
Orthogonal functions have zero correlation. Two binary
sequences are orthogonal if their XOR output contains equal number of 1s and 0s
EXAMPLE:
0000 0101 0101

1010 0101 1111

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Information spreading over orthogonal codes
+1 -1 User Input Orthogonal Sequence Tx Data +1 -1 1 0 0 1 1
0110 1001
0110 0110
0110 0110
0110 1001
0110 1001
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Information recovery
1001 Correct Function 0110 1111

+1 -1 1
Rx Data
0110 0110 0000

0
0110 0110 0000

0
1001 0110 1111

1
1001 0110 1111

1
Rx Data Incorrect Function
1001 0101 1100

?
0110 0101 0011

?
0110 0101 0011

?
1001 0101 1100

?
1001 0101 1100

?
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Spreading and De-spreading

The improvement of time-domain information rate means that the bandwidth of spectrum-domain information is spread. S f information f0 f The spectrum before spreading S f information f0 f The spectrum before despreading information f0 S f information
f0 f The spectrum after spreading
S f Interference/noise
information Interference/noise f
The spectrum after despreading White noise
pulse interference
S(f) is the energy density. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 19
Signal flow
Source coding
Convolution Interleaving & Interleaving
Scrambling
Spreading
Modulation
RF transmission
Source decoding
Decovolution deinterleaving & Unscrambling De-spreading Deinterleaving
Demodulation
RF receiving
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Common Technical Terms

Bit, Symbol, Chip:
A bit is the input data which contain information A symbol is the output of the convolution, encoder, and the block interleaving A chip is the output of spreading
Processing Gain:
Processing gain is the ratio of chip rate to the bit rate. The processing gain in IS-95 system is 128, about 21dB.
Forward direction: Information path from base station to mobile
station
Reverse direction: Information path from mobile station to base
station
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Source Coding
Vocoder:
8K QCELP 13K QCELP EVRC

Characteristics
Support voice activity

In a typical duplex call, the duty ratio is less than 35%. To achieve better capacity and low power consumption, base station reduces its transmission power.
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Channel Coding
Convolution code or TURBO code is used in channel encoding Constraint length=shift register number+1. Encoding efficiency= (total input bits / total output symbols)
Input (bits)
Output (symbols)
convolution encoder
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Turbo Code
Turbo code is used during the transmission of large data packet. Characteristics of the Turbo code:
The input information is encoded twice and the two output codes can exchange information with each other during decoding. The symbol is protected not only by the neighborhood check bits, but also by the separate Check Bits.
The performance of a Turbo code is superior to that of a
convolution code.
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Interleaving
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 interleaving 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
The direction of the data stream
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Scrambling (M) sequence
0 1
0 1
1 0
Out
Two points are important here:
Maximum number of shift register (N) Mask

The period of out put sequence is 2N-1 bits Only sequence offset is change when the mask is changed PN stands for Pseudorandom Noise sequence
Long Code
The long code is a PN sequence with period of 242-1chips The functions of a long code:
Scramble the forward CDMA channel Control the insertion of power control bit Spread the information on the reverse CDMA channel to identify the mobile stations
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Short Code
Short code is a PN sequence with period of 215 chips

Sequence with different time offset is used to distinguish different sectors
PNc PNb
PNa
Minimum PN sequence offset used is 64 chips, that is, 512 PN offsets are available to identify the CDMA sectors (215 /64=512).
Walsh Code
Walsh Code is one kind of orthogonal code.
Walsh code W2n=
Wn Wn Wn Wn
W1=0 W2= 0 0 0 1
0 0 W4 = 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 0 0 1
1 1 1 0
64-order Walsh function is used as a spreading function and each Walsh code is orthogonal to other. A Walsh can be presented by Wim where ith (row) is the position and m is the order. For example, W24 means 0101 code in W4 matrix
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Walsh Code
In forward direction, each symbol is spread with Walsh code
Walsh code is used to distinguish the user in forward link
For IS95A/B, in the reverse, every 6 symbols correspond to one
Walsh code. For example, if the symbol input is 110011,the output after spreading is W5164 (110011=51).
For CDMA2000, in the reverse, Walsh function is used to define
the type of channel (RC 3-9)
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Variable Walsh codes

The different Walsh codes corresponding to different data rates
W08 =00000000 W04 =0000

64
( W016 ,W816) ( W416 ,W1216 ) ( W216 ,W1416 ) ( W616 ,W1416 ) ( W116,W916 ) ( W516 ,W1316 ) ( W316 ,W1116 ) ( W716,W1516 )
W02 =00
W48 =00001111 W28 =00110011 W68 =00111100 W18 =01010101 W14 =0101 W58 =01011010
32
W01 =0
W24 =0011
16 8 4 2 1
W38 =01100110 W12 =01 W34 =0110 W78 =01101001
9600 19200 38400
76800 153600 307200 614400
Data rate -bpsHUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 31
Modulation-QPSK
I channel PN sequence 1.2288Mcps I A Q
Cos(2pfct) Baseband filter
I(t) s(t)
Baseband filter Sin(2pfct)
Q(t)
Q channel PN sequence 1.2288Mcps
1.2288Mcps: the PN chip rate of the system

After being spread, all the forward channels in the same carrier are modulated by means of QPSK(OQPSK in the reverse), converted into simulation signals and transmitted after clustering.
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Power Control Handoff Diversity and RAKE
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Power Control
Reverse power control
Open loop power control Closed loop power control Inner loop power control: 800 Hz Outer loop power control
Forward power control
Message transmission mode: threshold transmission periodic transmission Closed loop power control
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Reverse Open Loop Power Control
The transmission power required by the mobile station is determined by the following factors:
Distance from the base station Load of the cell Circumstance of the code channels
The transmission power of the mobile station is relative to its received power.
Reverse Open Loop Power Control
BTS BTS BTS
Mobile Transmitting Power
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Reverse Closed Loop Power Control

CDMA Techniques & Technologies Power Control Bit
Eb/Nt Value BTS
FER Value BSC Change in Eb/Nt Value
Inner Loop Power Control Outer Loop Power Control
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Forward Power Control

Message Transmission Mode
MS measures the frame quality and informs the base
station to the result i.e. whether it is in the threshold or periodical mode. Base station determines whether to change the forward transmitting power or not.
In IS-95 system, the forward power control is slow but in
CDMA2000 system it is fast.
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Forward Closed Loop Power Control
Compared with IS-95 system, CDMA2000 the forward quick
power control is fast.
Power Control Bit
Eb/Nt Value
BTS
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Handoff
Soft handoff
It is a process of establishing a link with a target sector before breaking the link with the serving sector
Softer handoff
Like the soft handoff, but the handoff is occurred between multi-sectors in the same base station
Hard handoff
Hard handoff occurs when the two sectors are not synchronized or are not on the same frequency. Interruption in voice or data communication occurs but this interruption does not effect the user communication
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Soft/Softer Handoff
Multi-path combination in the BSC during soft handoff Multi-path combination in the BTS during softer handoffs
Power received from a single sector
Combine all the power from each sector
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Pilot Set
the set of the pilots having same frequency but different PN sequence offset Active Set Candidate Set Neighbor Set Remaining Set The pilot set, corresponding to the base station being connected The pilot set, not in the active set but potential to be demodulated The pilot set, not included in the active set or the candidate set but being possible to be added in the candidate set Other pilot sets
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T_ADD,T_DROP,T_TDROP
Sector A
Sector B
Ec/Io
Guard Time(T-TDROP) Add Threshold (T_ADD)
DropThreshold (T_DROP)
Soft Handoff Region Time

T_ADD, T_DROP and T_TDROP affect the percentage of MS in handoff. T_ADD & T_DROP is the standards used to add or drop a pilot. T_DROP is a timer. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 42
Comparison Threshold
Pilot strength

Pilot P0
Pilot P2 T_COMP0.5dB Pilot P1 T_ADD
P0-Strengh of Pilot P0 in Candidate Set. P1,P2-Stength of Pilot P1,P2 in Active Set. t0-Pilot strength Measurement Message Sent, P0>T_ADD t1-Pilot strength Measurement Message Sent, P0>P1+T_COMP*0.5dB t2 -Pilot strength Measurement Message Sent, P0>P2+T_COMP*0.5dB HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 43
t0
t1
t2
Transition Between Pilot Sets

Pilot strength Pilot 1
Pilot 2
T_TDROP
T_ADD T_TDROP
T_DROP
1
Neighbor Set
2
Candidate Set
3
Active Set
4 5 6
7 8
Candidate Set Neighbor Set
TIME
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Transmit Diversity
Time diversity
Block interleaving, error-correction

Frequency diversity
The CDMA signal energy is distributed on the whole 1.23MHZ bandwidth.

Space diversity
The introduction of twin receive antennas . The RAKE receivers of the mobile station and the base station can combine the signals of different time delay. During a handoff, the mobile station contacts multiple base stations and searches for the strongest frame
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Transmission Diversity
The forward transmission diversity types in CDMA2000 1X are
TD (Transmit Diversity) OTD (Orthogonal Transmit Diversity) The data stream is divided into two parts, which will be spread by the orthogonal code sequence, and transmitted by two antennas. STS (Space Time Spreading) All the forward code channels are transmitted by the multi-antennas. Spread with the quasi-orthogonal code Non-TD
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Transmission Diversity
Data stream 1 Data stream Transmission diversity processing
Pa th
Antenna 1
Restoring data stream
2 Path
Data stream 2
Antenna 2
The Transmission Diversity Technology enhances the receive performance of MS.
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The Principle of RAKE Receiver

Correlator 1 Correlator 2 Receive set Correlator 3
Combiner
The combined signal
Searcher correlator
s(t)
s(t)
Calculate the time delay and signal strength
RAKE antennas help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive performance of the system
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Physical Channel in IS-95A

Forward channel
CDMA Air Interface
Forward Pilot Channel Forward Sync Channel Forward Paging Channel Forward Traffic Channel (including power control sub-channel)
Reverse channel
Access Channel Reverse Traffic Channel
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Pilot Channel
A pilot channel:
CDMA Air Interface
Assist mobile station to be connected with CDMA network Handles multi-path searching Provide the phase reference for coherent demodulation and
help the mobile station estimate the transmission power

The mobile station measures and compares the pilot channel
powers from the base stations during the handoff

W064 Pilot channel (all-zeros)
Forward pilot channel is spread over W0 and modulated with short code directly BTS transmits the pilot channel continuously
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Sync Channel
Code symbol Sync Ch bits 1.2kbps Convolution encoder
r=1/2,K=9
CDMA Air Interface Repetitive code symbol 4.8kbps W32 64 Block interleaving
To QPSK coder
2.4kbps
symbol repetition
4.8kbps
The sync channel is used by the mobile station to synchronize
with the network. W32 is used to spread Sync Channel. The synchronization message includes: Pilot PN sequence offset: PILOT_PN System time: SYS_TIME Long code state: LC_STATE Paging channel rate: P_RAT
Here note that, sync channel rate is 1200bps
Paging Channel
CDMA Air Interface
To QPSK coder
Repetitive Paging Code code 19.2kbps channel bits Convolution symbol Symbol symbol Block encoder repetition interleaving r=1/2,K=9 19.2kbps 19.2kbps 19.2/9.6Kbps 9.6/4.8 kbps
The paging channel transmits:
W164
decimator 1.2288Mcps Long code PN generator
System parameters message Access parameters Neighbors list CDMA channels list message The paging channel accomplishes: Paging to MS Assign traffic channel to MS The frame length of a paging channel is 20ms W1 ~ W7 are spared for the Paging Channels spreading
Paging channel address mask
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Forward Traffic Channel

is used to transmit data and signaling information.
Forward traffic channal 8.6kbps or 4.0kbps 16bits/frame 2.0kbps ) 0.8kbps 19.2kbps
(172/80/40
CDMA Air Interface
Add frame quality indicator bits(12,10,8,6)
Convolution Symbol Add 8 encoder repetition encoded tail r=1/2,K=9 19.2ksybps 9.6kbps bits 4.8kbps 9.6ksybps 2.4kbps 4.8ksybps 1.2kbps 2.4ksybps
I Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps) Power control bits 19.2kbps
Cos(2pfct)
Baseband filter
+
I(t)
Block interleaver Repetitive symbol Long code generator
MUX Walsh code
QPSK Modulation
decimator PN 1.2288 Mcps
decimator
Baseband filter
+
Sin(2pfct)
Q(t)
Q Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps) All rights reserved Page 54
Reverse Access Channel

4.4 kbps Access channel (80 bits/frame) Repetitive symbol 28.8 kbps Orthogonal spreading 4.8 kbps (307.2kbps) Walsh code Long code mask Add 8 encoder tail bits
CDMA Air Interface

Repetitive symbol 8.8 kbps
used by MS to initiate communication or respond to Paging Channel

4.8 kbps Convolution 14.4 kbps Symbol encoder repetition Code r=1/3,K=9 symbol
Block interleaving
I Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps) Frame rate PN chips 1.2288 Mcps Baseband filter
Cos(2pfct)
I(t)
Data burst randomizer
1/2 PN chips Delayed time=406.9ns

QPSK Modulation
Long code PN generator
Baseband filter
Q(t)
Q Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps) HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 55
Sin(2pfct)
Reverse Traffic Channel

used to transmit data and signaling information
Reverse traffic channel
(172/80/40 or
CDMA Air Interface
16 bits/frame)
8.6kbps 4.0kbps 2.0kbps 0.8kbps
Add frame quality indicator bits(12,10,8,6)
convolution Symbol Add 8 encoder repetition encoded tail r=1/3,K=9 28.8Ksybps 9.6kbps bits 4.8kbps 14.4Ksybps 2.4kbps 7.2Ksybps 1.2kbps 3.6Ksybps
I Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps) Frame rate Orthogonal spreading 4.8 kbps Data burst (307.2kbps) randomizer Walsh code Long code mask PN chips 1.2288 Mcps
Cos(2pfct)
Baseband filter
I(t)
Block interleaver
1/2 PN chips Delayed time=406.9ns

QPSK Modulation
Long code PN generator
Baseband filter
Q(t)
Q Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps) Page 56 All rights reserved
Sin(2pfct)
Initialization of the MS
CDMA Air Interface
Synchronous Channel message contains the LC_STATE, SYS_TIME,
P_RAT, and synchronizes with the system.
el ann ch el ing ann Pag ch ilot P el ann ch ous ro n nch Sy el ann ch ess A cc
BTS
CDMA2000 Forward Channel

Forward CDMA2000 channel
CDMA Air Interface
F-CACH
F-CPCCH
F-PICH
F-CCCH F-SYNCH
F-TCH
F-BCH
F-PCH
F-QPCH
F-PICH
F-TDPICH
F-APICH
F-ATDPICH
F-DCCH
F-FCH
F-SCCH subchannel (RC1~2)
F-PC
F-SCH (RC3~9)
Note: Only the channels with black color are being implemented in Huawei equipment. The function of F-PICH, F-SYNCH, F-FCH, F-PC, F-SCCH, F-PCH are the same as those of IS95. We will only discuss F-SCH, F-QPCH F-DCCH in the following slides.
Forward channel
Common physical channels:
Forward Pilot Channel(F-PICH) Forward Synchronous Channel(F-SYNC) Forward Paging Channel(F-PCH) Forward Broadcast Control Channel(F-BCCH) Forward Quick Paging Channel(F-QPCH) Forward Common Power Control Channel(F-CPCCH) Forward Common Assignment Channel(F-CACH) Forward Common Control Channel(F-CCCH)
CDMA Air Interface
CDMA physical channels are classified in common channels and dedicated channels:
These channels are compatible with IS-95 system
These channels are newly defined in CDMA2000 system.
Dedicated physical channel:

Forward Dedicated Control Channel(F-DCCH) Forward Fundamental Channel(F-FCH) Forward Supplemental Channel(F-SCH) These channels are used to establish the connection between a base station and a specific mobile station. The CDMA2000 system adopts multiple data rates and the different combinations of channels can achieve a performance superior to that in IS-95 system. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 59
F-QPCH
CDMA Air Interface
It transmits OOK-modulated signal which can be demodulated
by MS simply and rapidly.
The channel adopts 80ms as a QPCH timeslot. Each timeslot
is divided into paging indicators, configuration change indicators and broadcast indicators, all of which are utilized to inform the MS whether to receive paging message, broadcast message or system parameters in the next F-PCH.
Rapid and simple demodulation. MS no need to monitor F-PCH
for long time, so the standby time is prolonged.
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F-SCH
CDMA Air Interface
F-SCH is typically used for high speed data applications, while F-FCH is used for common voice and low speed data application.
When a data call is established, firstly, F-FCH will be allocated to the user. If the speed of data for user exceeds 9.6kbps, F-SCH will be allocated.
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F-DCCH
CDMA Air Interface
It is used for the transmission of specific user signaling
information during a call.
Each forward traffic channel may contain one F-DCCH.
Support 5ms frame.
Support discontinuous transmission.
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Forward Radio Configuration (RC)

Radio Spreading Max Data Rate* Configuration Rate (kbps) 1** 2** 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 9.6 14.4 153.6 307.2 230.4 307.2 614.4 460.8 1036.8
CDMA Air Interface
Effective FEC OTD FEC Encoding Modulation Code Rate Allowed 1/2 3/4 1/4 1/2 3/8 1/6 1/3 1/4 or 1/3 1/2or 1/3 No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Conv. Conv Conv and Turbo Conv and Turbo Conv and Turbo Conv and Turbo Conv and Turbo Conv and Turbo Conv and Turbo BPSK BPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK
Radio Configuration(RC): A set of Forward Traffic channel and Reverse Traffic Channel transmission formats that are characterized by physical parameters such as data rates, modulation characteristics, and spreading rate. Spreading Rate: Equivalent to chips rate, e.g., 1.2288Mcps.
** Same as IS95 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
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Page 63
Reverse Channel
Reverse CDMA2000 channel
CDMA Air Interface
R-ACH
R-TCH operation (RC1~2)
R-EACH operation
R-CCCH operation
R-TCH operation (RC3~6)
R-FCH 0~7 R-SCCH
R-PICH
R-PICH
R-PICH 0~1 R-DCCH 0~1 R-FCH
R-EACH
R-CCCH
Only the channels in dark color are used in Huawei equipment. The function of R-ACH,R-FCH,R-SCCH are the same as those in IS95. We will only discuss R-PICH,R-SCH in the following slides.
0~2 R-SCH R-PC subchannel
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Page 64
Types of Reverse Channel

Reverse channel includes reverse common channel and
CDMA Air Interface
reverse dedicated channel.

Reverse common channel:
Reverse Access Channel(R-ACH) Reverse Enhanced Access Channel(R-EACH) Reverse Common Control Channel(R-CCCH)
Reverse Dedicated Channel
Reverse Pilot Channel(R-PICH) Reverse Dedicated Control Channel(R-DCCH) Reverse Fundamental Channel(R-FCH) Reverse Supplemental Channel(R-SCH) Reverse Supplemental Code Channel (R-SCCH)
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R-PICH
Reverse Pilot Channel
Pilot( all '0's)
CDMA Air Interface
Power Control Bit
MUX
The Function of Reverse Pilot Channel
Initialization Tracing Reverse Coherent Demodulation Power Control Measurement

Base station enhances the received
Pilot
384 NPN Chips Power Control Group = 1536 NPN Chips
Power Control
performance and increases the capacity by means of coherent demodulation of the Reverse Pilot Channel.
N is the Spreading Rate number
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Page 66
Reverse Channels
Fundamental Channel:
CDMA Air Interface
Fundamental Channel is used for the transmission of user information to the base station during a call, and can be used to transmit defaulted voice services as an independent Traffic Channel.
Dedicated Control Channel
The Dedicated Control Channel is used for the transmission of user and signaling information to a base station during a call.
Supplemental Channel/Supplemental Code Channel
These channels are used for the transmission of user information, mainly data services, to the MS. The Reverse Traffic Channel contains up to two supplemental channels and up to seven supplemental code channels.
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Page 67
Reverse Radio Configuration (RC)

Radio Spreading Configuration Rate 1** 2** 3 4 5 6 1 1 1 1 3 3 Max Data Rate* (kbps) 9.6 14.4 153.6 (307.2) 230.4 153.6 (614.4) 460.8 (1036.8) Effective FEC Code Rate 1/3 1/2 1/4 (1/2) 3.8 1/4 (1/3) 1/4 (1/2) OTD Allow ed No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
CDMA Air Interface
FEC Encoding Modulation Conv 64-ary ortho Conv 64-ary ortho Conv or Turbo BPSK Conv or Turbo Conv or Turbo Conv or Turbo BPSK BPSK BPSK
RC: Radio Configuration
RC1~RC2:IS-95A/B RC3~RC4:CDMA2000 1X RC5~RC6: CDMA2000 3x

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RC Combination Regulation
F-FCH RCs RC 1 RC 2
CDMA Air Interface
RC1 and RC2 corresponds respectively to
R-FCH RCs RC 1 RC 2 RC 3
rate set 1 and rate set 2 in IS- 95A/B system.
CDMA2000 Forward RC: RC1~RC5
RC 3 RC 4 RC 5 RC 4 R-DCCH/SCH RCs
Reverse RC: RC1~RC4
Rules:
Forward RC1, Reverse RC1 Forward RC2, Reverse RC2 Forward RC3 or RC4,Reverse RC3 Forward RC5, Reverse RC4
F-DCCH/SCH RCs RC 3
RC 3 RC 4 RC 5 RC 4
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Why CDMA2000?
Increase the system capacity
Forward quick power control Forward transmit diversity: OTD,STS Coherent modulation applied on the pilot channel.(about 3dB) The introduction to Turbo code The stronger ability to resist interference
The improved error-correcting encoding (applying Turbo code in
medium/high rate data transmission)
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Why CDMA2000?
Support high rate SCH, with the maximum rate of a single
channel being up to 307.2kbps.

Improve the standby time
Use the quick paging channel

Forward compatibility
Radio-frequency part Baseband part, such as RC
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Summary
Brief Development History of Mobile Communication
Analog--digital--code division Objectives of 3G and comparison of 3 systems

Technical features of CDMA
Key technologies: power control, soft handoff,RAKE receiver and cell breath Other technologies: source coding, channel coding, interleaving, scrambling, spreading and modulation Channel structure: pilot, synchronization, paging, access and service
Technical features of CDMA2000 1X
Walsh and Turbo codes

Thank You
www.huawei.com

Ora000003 Cdma2000 Principle (WLL) Issue4.0

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ORA000003 CDMA2000 Principle

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Development of Mobile Communications

3rd Generation current (digital)

AMPS TACS NMT OTHERS

GSM CDMA IS95 TDMA IS-136 PDC

CDMA 2000 TDSCDMA

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Vehicle environment: 144kbps Walking environment: 384kbps Indoor environment: 2Mbps

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A Comparison b/w 3G standards

TD-SCDMA RAKE Supported

Coherent 1.28 No Asynchronous GSM MAP

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Heavier voice service capacity ; Longer period of standby time

CDMA2000 1X EV 1X EV-DO 1X EV-DV

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Frequency Allocation In CDMA2000

825.030-834.330 835.680-844.320 845.670-845.820 847.170-848.310

870.030-879.330 880.680-889.320 890.670-890.820 892.170-893.310

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Frequency Allocation In CDMA2000

1851.250-1863.750 1866.250-1868.750 1871.250-1883.750 1886.250-1888.750 1891.250-1893.750 1896.250-1908.750

1931.250-1943.750 1946.250-1948.750 1951.250-1963.750 1966.250-1968.750 1971.250-1973.750 1976.250-1988.750

CDMA2000 1X Network Structure

BSC/PCF Abis BSC/PCF/IW FA10/A11

Optical BTS Softsite Fiber

BTS Abis BTS

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CDMA Techniques & Technologies

Correlation 100% so the functions are parallel

+1 -1 +1 Correlation 0% so the functions are orthogonal

CDMA Techniques & Technologies

Orthogonal functions have zero correlation. Two binary

0000 0101 0101

1010 0101 1111

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Information spreading over orthogonal codes

CDMA Techniques & Technologies

+1 -1 User Input Orthogonal Sequence Tx Data +1 -1 1 0 0 1 1

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CDMA Techniques & Technologies

1001 Correct Function 0110 1111

0110 0110 0000