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National Seminar on Resource Management and Sustainable Development College of Agriculture Bapatla, AP, January 28, 2004
Norman Uphoff Cornell International Institute for Food, Agriculture and Development (CIIFAD)
20th Century Modern Agriculture Has Been the Most Successful in History
Per capita food production, 1960-2000, increased by 30% Real food prices in constant terms during this period decreased by 48% Agriculture was an engine of growth over four decades worldwide Capital and labor resources generated in agricultural sector supported industry
Per Capita Food Production, 1961-2000, and Agricultural Commodity Prices, 1960-2000
Fertilizer
Response
Ratio
Use
Environmental and Health Hazards -become more evident all the time
Post-Modern Agriculture
which is more productive and profitable, while being more benign environmentally and more socially beneficial, i.e., a Greener Revolution
Post-Modern Agriculture
Is not like post-modernism in literature & humanities, which reject modernity P-M agriculture will build on the same scientific foundations as modern agric. It will be more fundamentally grounded in biological science than current agric. Biotechnology will be part of P-M agric. but agroecology is its basic foundation Post-modern agriculture will be the most modern agriculture, not backward
AGROVISION 2004
Will show what post-modern agriculture could become by considering what is known about: Agroecological innovations around the world Organic farming experience and opportunities Use of biofertilizers, biocides, organic inputs The tillage revolution in South Asia The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Use of green manures and cover crops Farming systems with permanent vegetative cover (developed by CIRAD)
Common Themes
These various approaches are all together complementary, having shared concerns: A different view of SOIL, stressing its life and health -- not regarded as an inert repository for seeds, fertilizer, etc. An appreciation of MICROORGANISMS and other SOIL BIOTA -- as creators and maintainers of soil fertility Greater attention paid to plant ROOTS as the foundation for agricultural success
SRI pla with 87 fe tile tille s at CFA Ca ilo Cie fue os Cuba
Two rice plants in Cuba -Same variety: 2084 (Bollito) Same age: 52 DAP
SRI field in Sri Lanka -- yield of 13 t/ha with panicles having 400+ grains
Two rice fields in Sri Lanka -- same variety, same irrigation system, and same drought : conventional methods (left), SRI (right)
Data from Dr. Aldas Janaiah, economist at IRRI, 1999-2002, now working at Indira Gandhi Development Studies Institute in Mumbai, data from interviews with 30 SRI farmers in Sri Lanka, October 2002
Reduced demand for fertilizer 86% Lower input costs 85% Higher yield 83% More milling output 77% Water productivity + 90% Profits > double Risk of net loss reduced
Equal accessibility to poor
300
200
100
Development stage
AZOSPIRILLUM POPULATIONS, TILLERING AND RICE YIELDS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT CULTIVATION PRACTICES AND NUTRIENT AMENDMENTS
Results of replicated trials at the Centre for Diffusion of Agricultural Intensification, Beforona, Madagascar, 2000 (Raobelison, 2000)
Azospirillum in the
CLAY SOIL
Traditional cultivation, no amendments SRI cultivation, with no amendments SRI cultivation, with NPK amendments SRI cultivation, with compost amendmts Rhizosphere (103/ml)
Roots
(10 /mg)
3
Tillers/
plant
Yield
(t/ha)
25 25 25 25 25 25
17 45 68 78 32 47
LOAM SOIL
SRI cultivation, with no amendments SRI cultivation, with compost amendmts
SRI is COUNTER-INTUITIVE
LESS CAN PRODUCE MORE by utilizing the potentials and dynamics of biology : Smaller, younger seedlings become larger, more productive mature plants Fewer plants per hill and per m2 can give more yield under SRI growing conditions Half the water can give a greater yield and Increased output is achieved with fewer or no external inputs -- feed the soil > plant Get new phenotypes from existing genotypes
Water is becoming a greater constraint in agriculture Soil degradation is reducing arable areas
Water storage is best done in the soil, is greatly increased by soil biota Degraded soil is deficient more in biological than in chemical terms Soil erosion is due to mismanagement, ploughing has many adverse effects