System Approach

Problem Solving

 The System Approach  Scientific Method

Scientific Method
1. Recognize phenomena in the real world 2. Formulate about the cause of the phenomena 3. Test the hypothesis through experimentation 4. Evaluate the results of the experiments 5. Draw conclusions about the hypothesis

The System Approach

It is a modification of the scientific method Problems viewed in a systems context Studying a problem and formulating a solution becomes an organized system of interrelated activities ,such as.

Define a Problem in a system Understand The Problem context Develop A Solution

Implement A Solution
Generate Data describing the Problem Evaluate Alterative Solutions Design Alternative Solutions Select The Best Solution Implement the Selected Solution

Evaluate The Success of the implemented solution

1. Separate the problem from its symptoms. Identify systems in the organization and environment and their interrelationships.Determine the components ,objective and constraints of appropriate system 2. Use methods such as interviews ,questionnaires, modeling to gather data relating to a problem 3. Propose a variety of alternative solutions based on experience,advice ,intuition,creativity ,simulation etc.,

4. Evaluate alternative solutions using criteria that reveal their advantages and disadvantages 5. Select the alternative solutions that best meets the evaluation criteria 6. Implement the selected solution according to an implementation plan 7. Monitor and evaluate how well the implemented solution is meeting its system objective

What Should Be

 Solution Constraints  Solution Methodology  Present Information System  The Proposed Information System

Solution Constraints

Information Assumption Knowledge Time

Present Information System (Sales TP) Capture Sales

Sales Transactions Transaction File Order Forms

Sort & Store Transaction Sales File (Data From Old & new files) Sales Analysis File Perform Sales Analysis & Generate Reports

Proposed Information System

Sales Receipt Online Sales Data Entry Error Procedure Online Database Maintenance

Support Database Inquiries

Updated Company Database

Perform Sales Analysis & Generate Reports

There Could be Two Solutions 1) Keep the current information system and hire more sales people .. 2) Develop new information system using current retail automation technology The new system ,make it easy for mangers to receive immediate responses to requests for sales information ,tailored to their needs Advantage & Disadvantage

System Development Life Cycle

ISDLC
Information System Development Life Cycle includes the step of 1. Investigations 2. Analysis 3. Design 4. Implementation 5. Maintenance

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System Investigation & Feasibility Study

System Analysis & Requirements

System Design & Specification

System Implementation & Operational System

System Maintenance & Improvement

System Investigation
Determine whether a business problem or opportunity exists Conduct a feasibility study to determine whether a new or improved information system is needed Develop a project management plan and obtain management approval

Feasibility
Organizational Feasibility How well the proposed system supports the strategic plan of the organization Economical Feasibility Cost Savings Increased revenue Decreased investment Increased profits

Technical Feasibility Hardware and Software capability,reliability and availability Operational Feasibility End user acceptance Management Support Customer ,supplier and government requirements

System Analysis
Analysis the Organizational Environment Analyze in detail information of an end user organization and its subsystem and environmental system Present System (If Any) Analyze the resources ,products and activities of any information system presently used

System Analysis
System Requirement Analysis Determine the information system capabilities that will meet the information needs of end users System Requirements Document and communicate the logical input,processing, output ,storage and control requirements of a proposed new of improved information system

System Design
Logical System Design Develop general specifications for how input,processing ,output ,storage and control activities can meet the system requirements develop in the systems analysis stage

System Desing
Physical System Design Develop detailed specification for user interface products and methods,database structures and processing and control procedures. Hardware software and personnel specifications are also developed for the proposed system System Specification Document and communicate the detailed specification of the proposed system to end user

System Implementation & Maintenance Acquisition

Evaluate and acquire necessary hardware and software resources Software Development Develop any computer programs that will not be acquired externally as software packages.Make any necessary modification to software packages that are acquired

System Implementation & Maintenance Training

Educate and train management ,end user and operating personnel Testing Test and make necessary correction to the programs ,procedure and hardware used by new system

System Implementation & Maintenance Documentation

Record and communicate the detail system specification ,including procedures for end user and operating personnel and examples of input/output displays and reports Conversion Convert from the use of a present system to the operation of a new or improved system.This may involve operating both new and old system in parallel for a trial period ,operation of a pilot system on a trial basis at one location ,phasing in new system one location at a time ,or an immediate cutover to the new sysetm

ERP

CRM PDDVE Finance &HRM Account

Costing

Marketing

Distribution N/W

Sales

Sales Force Automation

Manufacturing QA

Shipping & Receiving

Inventory Management

RMA

Annual Equipment Maintenance

Purchasing

ERP Functionalities/Modules
[1] Management [2] Marketing [3] Sales [4] Sales Force Automation [5] CRM & Groupware [6] Contact Management

ERP Functionalities/Modules
[7] Purchase [8] Return Merchandising Authorization (RMA ) [9] Inventory [10] Shipping & Receiving [11] Finance [12] Accounts

ERP Functionalities/Modules
[13] Costing [14] Fixed Assets [15] Customer Care [16] System Administration ( Defaults & Preferences) [17] Executive Information System

ERP Functionalities/Modules
[18] Management Synopses [19] Manufacturing [20] Service [21] Annual/ Equipment Maintenance [22] Reports including Batch Reporting

Accounting
General Ledger Accounts Receivable Accounts Payable Financial Statement Customer/Vendor Statement Unlimited Open Year Check Printing Cost Factoring Job Costing

Sales
Quotations Sales Order/ Back Order Instance Profit Analysis Specific Customer Prcising Multiple Shipping Contact Address Cover /Fax letter & Proposal Support

Sales Force Automation

Opportunity Management Sales Commission Sales Projections Sales Pipeline Sales Funnel Reassign Sales Representatives

Inventory Management
Serial Number Tracking Manage Non Serialized Item Graph Inventory Levels Price Protection Lot Tracking Item Kits Multi Level Categories Item Code Aliases

Inventory Management
Item Grouping / Profiling Warehouse Management Multi Tire Stock Area Stock Transfer Categorize stock areas as Standard,In Process, Scrap or repair

Manufacturing
Bill Of Material Assembly Work Orders Production Notes Production Labels

Service
Time Billing Scheduling Service Order Billing Rates Generate Efficiency Reports Technical Support Management Maintenance Contracts

Marketing
Customer Tracking Profiling Track Return OR Investment on media spend Publish Item Catalog Telemarketing Management Graphical Analysis

Purchasing
Purchase Order /Back Order Fright Cost Distribution View Purchase History Auto Generate Purchase Order Forecasting Drop Shipping Purchase Multiple Item with Matrix view

Management
Force Profit Margin Custom Report Comprehensive security per User/Group Define Company policy per Customer MIS ESS DSS TCS KBS..

Return Authorization
Customer/Vendor Return Authorization Track warranty information Generate RMA reports Restocking Fees

Shipping & Receiving

Packing Slip Picking Lists Record Package Number Address Labels

CRM/Groupware
Relationship Manage Company wide calendar/Contact management Tasks/Appointment/Reminders Link Multiple tasks

Chapter

ETHICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES

Ethics
Principles of right and wrong Can be used by individuals acting as free moral agents to make choices to guide their behavior

Moral Dimensions of the Information Age

Information rights and obligations Property rights Accountability and control System quality Quality of life

The Relationship between Ethical, Social, and Political Issues in an Information Society
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Key Technology Trends that Raise Ethical Issues

Computing power doubles every 18 months:

Dependence on computer systems

Rapidly declining data storage costs: Easy

maintenance of individual database

Key Technology Trends that Raise Ethical Issues

Datamining advances: Analysis of vast

quantities of data

Networking advances and the Internet:

Remotely accessing personal data

ETHICS IN AN INFORMATION SOCIETY

Information system being used by organizations to:

Minimize drains on productivity Prevent wastage of resources for nonnonbusiness activities

THE MORAL DIMENSIONS OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Privacy: Claim of individuals to be left alone, free

from surveillance or interference from other individuals, organizations, or the state

Fair information practices: Set of principles

governing the collection and use of information on the basis of U.S. and European privacy laws

Ethical Issues

Under what conditions should the privacy of others be invaded? What legitimizes intruding into others lives through unobtrusive surveillance, through market research, or by whatever means?

Ethical Issues

Do we have to inform people that we are eavesdropping? Do we have to inform people that we are using credit history information for employment screening purposes?

Social Issues

Concerns the development of expectations of privacy or privacy norms, as well as public attitudes

Political Issues

Concern the development of statutes Govern the relations between record keepers and individuals

Property Rights: Intellectual Property

Intellectual property: Intangible creations protected

by law

Trade secret: Intellectual work or product belonging

to business, not in public domain

Property Rights: Intellectual Property

Copyright: Statutory grant protecting intellectual

property from getting copied for 28 years

Patents: Legal document granting the owner an

exclusive monopoly on the ideas behind an invention for 20 years

Challenges to Intellectual Property Rights

Ethical issues: Production of intellectual property Social issues: Current intellectual property laws
breaking down

Political issues: Creation of new property

protection measures

Accountability, Liability and Control

Ethical issues: Who is morally responsible for

consequences of use?

Social issues: What should society expect and

allow?

Political issues: To what extent should government

intervene, protect?

System Quality: Data Quality and System Errors

Ethical issues: At what point to release the

software/services for consumption?

Social issues: Should people be encouraged to

believe systems are infallible?

Political Issues: Laws of responsibility and

accountability

Quality of Life: Equity, Access, and Boundaries

Balancing power center versus periphery:

Key policy decisions centralized as in the past

Rapidity of change- Reduced response time to competition: Reduced normal social buffers

Quality of Life: Equity, Access, and Boundaries

Maintaining boundaries: Family, work, and leisure: Do anything anywhere

environment blurring boundaries between work and family time

Dependence and vulnerability: No

regulatory or standard-setting forces

 Computer crime: Commission of illegal

acts through the use of a computer or against a computer system

Computer abuse: Commission of acts

involving a computer that may not be illegal but are considered unethical

Thank You .