Protection Application Handbook

Autoreclosing

ABB Group - 1 Jul 2, 2011

 ABB Group - 2 Jul 2, 2011

Autoreclosing

Autoreclosing
Auto reclosing Cycle Auto reclosing Cycle
OH-lines High fault-rate (80-90%)

Fast simultaneous Fault clearing

ABB Group - 3 Jul 2, 2011

Autoreclosing
AUTORECLOSING CYCLE AUTORECLOSING CYCLE
OH-lines Intermittent faults (80-90%)

Successful AR-rate : High (80-90%)

ABB Group - 4 Jul 2, 2011

Autoreclosing
Auto reclosing principles

95% of faults are transient type 3 Ph autoreclosing synchrocheck is used

Helps verify phase angles are not out of phase e.g: due to heavy power swing

1 Ph autoreclosing needs identification of faulty phase

Phase identification is difficult for high resistance faults

ABB Group - 5 Jul 2, 2011

Autoreclosing
Auto reclosing principles

ABB Group - 6 Jul 2, 2011

Autoreclosing
Autoreclosure in a Line bay
AR- Autorecloser BFR- Breaker failure relay COM- Communication COND-CB condition DLC SC-Dead line check and synchronism check LP- Line protection MAN- Manual CB control PD- Pole discordance relay

ABB Group - 7 Jul 2, 2011

Autoreclosing
Auto reclosing principles

Protections that start autoreclosing

Main 1 protection Main 2 protection CB fail detected by Breaker fail relay & Pole discrepancy relay CB not ready Delayed tripping ( Zone2 or3 of distance relay , Back up relay) Manual CB operation Communication fail Direct transfer trip receive , BB protection , O/V protection, Reactor protection

Protections that block autoreclosing

ABB Group - 8 Jul 2, 2011

Autoreclosing
Circuit-breaker Contact Travel
Contact position

Closed

t2

t6

Closed

Open

Time t4 t5

t1

t3

ABB Group - 9 Jul 2, 2011

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Dead time for Automatic Reclosing Equipment
A F t Contact position t
1A

t2 A
Open Dead time Open Interruption time

6A

Closed

1B

A t
Closed 6B

2B

t
ABB Group - 10 Jul 2, 2011

Time

Autoreclosing
Single-pole Reclosing
Single-Pole Reclosing
ABC ABC

ABB Group - 11 Jul 2, 2011

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Temporal Description of Automatic Reclosing
HSR = High-Speed Automatic Reclosing DR = Delayed Automatic Reclosing R = Automatic Reclosing SR = Slow Automatic Reclosing DR HSR R SR

TD 100 s

0.1
ABB Group - 12 Jul 2, 2011

10

Autoreclosing
Classical Three-pole Reclosing
A F
1A

t Contact position

t2A
Open

Dead time Closed

t
Interruption time

A
6A

t
0

t2
1B

Closed B Open

B
6B

ABB Group - 13 Jul 2, 2011

Time

Autoreclosing
Factors affecting extinction of Primary Arc

ABB Group - 14 Jul 2, 2011

Fault current magnitude Fault clearance time Coupling from energized conductors Closing or opening of resistors Magnitude of reenergizing voltage Point of wave for reenergizing Magnetic forces on the fault current Length of insulating string Weather conditions Shape of grading ring

Autoreclosing
Minimum Dead Time (IEEE)
System Voltage kV 23 46 69 115 132 230 345 400 500
ABB Group - 15 Jul 2, 2011

Minimum deionization time [ms] Based on Field and Based on Operating Laboratory Tests Experience 110 120 130 150 160 210 260 280 330 180 200 210 230 240 280 340 370 420

Autoreclosing
Minimum Dead Time for Three-pole Reclosing
Minimum Dead Time
Three-Pole Reclosing ms
500 400 300 200 100 Based on Field and Laboratory Tests 100 200 300 400 500 600
ABB Group - 16 Jul 2, 2011

Based on Operating Experience

kV

System Voltage

Autoreclosing
Double Fault on a Double-circuit Line
A B C A BC

L1

L2

ABB Group - 17 Jul 2, 2011

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Capacitive Coupling and Single-pole Tripping
AB C Cp AB C

Cp Cp

Ce

Ce

Ce

ABB Group - 18 Jul 2, 2011

Autoreclosing
Secondary arc

Secondary arc is phasor sum of currents maintained by capacitive and inductive coupling from the energised phase conductors

ABB Group - 19 Jul 2, 2011

Autoreclosing
Critical Line Lengths for Single-pole Reclosing
System Voltage kV 230 345 500 765 Critical Line Length [miles] Successful Range Doubtful Range 0-300 0-140 0-60 0-50 300-500 140-260 60-100 50-80

ABB Group - 20 Jul 2, 2011

Autoreclosing
Artificial extinction of secondary arc

Where high-speed automatic reclosing is to be implemented, secondary arcs must be artificially extinguished since they would otherwise last too long. There are several methods to extinguish artificially the secondary arc:

Fixed Four-Reactor Scheme Switched Four-Reactor Scheme High speed Earthing Switch Scheme

ABB Group - 21 Jul 2, 2011

Autoreclosing
Fixed Four-reactor Scheme
ABC ABC

L
Lp Lp Lp

Ln
ABB Group - 22 Jul 2, 2011

Autoreclosing
Secondary Arcing Time (Haubrich)
Secondary Arcing Tim e
s 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 T sa Haubrich 1971

I 50 100 150

ABB Group - 23 Jul 2, 2011

 ABB Group - 24 Jul 2, 2011

Autoreclosing

Autoreclosing
Auto reclosing in one and a half breaker system

ABB Group - 25 Jul 2, 2011

Autoreclosing
Auto reclosing in one and a half breaker system

ABB Group - 26 Jul 2, 2011

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Special problems

Memory Circuit Priority circuit Autoreclosure out of service

ABB Group - 27 Jul 2, 2011

 ABB Group - 28 Jul 2, 2011

Autoreclosing

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Synchronism and Energizing check
UBus

ULine

UBus

FreqDiff < 50-300 mHz o PhaseDiff < 5-75 UDiff < 5-50% Ur UHigh > 50-120% Ur ULow < 10-100% Ur

U Bus

1-ph ULine

U Line

3-ph (or 1-ph) Fuse fail

SYNC-BLOCK
ABB Group - 29 Jul 2, 2011

Autoreclosing
DLC and SC at Auto reclosing

ABB Group - 30 Jul 2, 2011

CBIP manual on Protection of Generators, generator transformers and 220kV and 400 kV networks

Auto Reclosing

ABB Group - 31 Jul 2, 2011

Autoreclosing
1.0 GENERAL 1.0 GENERAL
The auto-reclosing of power lines has become a generally accepted practice. Reports from different parts of the world show that in certain networks in region subject to a high lightening intensity only about 5% of the faults are permanent. Auto reclosing therefore provides significant advantages. Outage times will be short compared to where station personnel have to re-energize the lines after a fault. In interconnected networks auto-reclosing helps in maintaining system stability
ABB Group - 32 Jul 2, 2011

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1.1 Recommendations for provisions of auto1.1 Recommendations for provisions of autoreclosing reclosing Presently 1 phase high speed auto-reclosure (HSAR) at 400kV and 220kV level is widely practised including on lines emanating from Generating Stations and the same is recommended for adoption. If 3-phase auto-reclosure is adopted in future the application of the same on lines emanating from generating stations should be studied and decision taken on case to case basis.

ABB Group - 33 Jul 2, 2011

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2.0 SETTING CRITERIA 2.0 SETTING CRITERIA
2.1 Dead Time 2.1 Dead Time Auto- reclosing requires a dead time which exceeds the de-ionising time Time required for the de-ionising of the fault path depends on:- arcing time, fault duration, wind conditions, circuit voltage, capacitive coupling to adjacent conductors, etc. Single phase dead time of 1.0 sec is recommended for both 400kV and 220kV system.

ABB Group - 34 Jul 2, 2011

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2.2 Reclaim Time 2.2 Reclaim Time The time during which a new start of the auto-reclosing equipment is blocked. If reclosing shot has been carried out and the line is energized and a new fault occurs before the reclaim time has elapsed, the auto-reclosing equipment is blocked and a signal for definite tripping of the breaker is obtained. After the reclaim time has elapsed, the auto-reclosing equipment returns to the starting position and a new reclosing sequence can occur. The reclaim time must not be set to such a low value that the intended operating cycle of the breaker is exceeded, when two faults incidents occur close together.
ABB Group - 35 Jul 2, 2011

Autoreclosing
If the breaker is closed manually, the auto reclosing equipment is blocked and cannot start again until the reclaim time has elapsed. For the breaker to be used for auto-reclosing, it is essential that it has the operating mechanism and breaking capacity necessary for it to be able to perform the auto-reclosing sequences required.

ABB Group - 36 Jul 2, 2011

Autoreclosing
2.3 Circuit Breaker Requirement 2.3 Circuit Breaker Requirement According to IEC Publication 56.2, a breaker must be capable of withstanding the following operating cycle with full rated breaking current: O + 0.3 s + CO + 3 min + CO The recommended operating cycle at 400kV and 220kV is as per the IEC standard. Reclaim time of 25 sec is recommended.

ABB Group - 37 Jul 2, 2011

 ABB Group - 38 Jul 2, 2011

Autoreclosing