Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

Frame Structure, Overheads and Pointers

Muhammad Zeeshan

SDH Overview SDH Frame Structure SDH Multiplexing Overhead Pointers

SDH OVERVIEW

SDH Definition
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) is a standard which is developed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) It is documented in standard G.707 and its extension G.708 It was developed to replace the Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) system for transporting large amounts of telephone and data traffic and to allow for interoperability between equipment from different vendors
4

Limitation of PDH
INTERFACES:
Electrical interfaces
There are only regional standards, instead of universal standards

Optical interfaces
No unified standards for optical line equipments, manufacturers develop equipment according to their own standards

Standardization of optical interface

PDH: the electric interface is a standard interface, but the optical interface is not a standard interface

PDH Network
Standard electric interface
Manufacturer A Manufacturer B Manufacturer B

2Mbit/s or 34Mbit/s

Special PDH optical signal

Limitations of PDH
MULTIPLEXING METHOD:
Asynchronous Multiplexing Code rate justification is required for matching and accepting clock difference The locations of the low-rate signals in high-rate signals are not regular nor fixed

Limitations of PDH
Japanese Series
1.6Gb/s 4 400Mb/s 4 100Mb/s 3 32Mb/s 5 6.3Mb/s 4 1.5Mb/s 4 24 64Kb/s
8

North American Series

European Series
565Mb/s 4 139Mb/s 4 34Mb/s

274Mb/s 6 3

45Mb/s 7 6.3Mb/s

4 8Mb/s

3 30

4 2Mb/s

Limitations of PDH
Adding and Dropping in PDH
Optical/Electrical
140/34 Mb/s

Electrical/Optical
34/140Mb/s

34/8 Mb/s

8/34 Mb/s

demultipexing
8/2 Mb/s 2/8 Mb/s

multiplexing

2 Mb/s
9

Limitations of PDH
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE (OAM)
PDH signal frame structure has very few overhead bytes for Operation, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM)

NETWORK MANAGEMENT INTERFACE

No universal network management interface for network PDH

10

Advantages of SDH over PDH

INTERFACE
Electrical interfaces
SDH provides a set of standard rate levels----STM-N.

(N= 4n =1, 4, 16, 64).

The basic signal transmission structure level is STM-1, at a rate of 155Mb/s

Optical interfaces
Optical interfaces adopt universal standards. Line coding of SDH signals involves scrambling, instead of inserting redundancy codes

11

Standardization of optical interface

SDH has standard optical interface

SDH Network
Standard optical interface
Manufacturer A Manufacturer B

Uniform STM-N optical signal

12

Advantages of SDH over PDH

MULTIPLEXING METHOD
Low-rate SDH signals high-rate SDH
Signals via byte interleaved multiplexing method

PDH signals

SDH

Synchronous multiplexing method and flexible mapping structure

13

SDH Multiplexing
STM-N
N

STM-256
4

STM-64
4

STM-16
4

STM-4
4

STM-1
STM-1, 2, 34, 140 Mb/s

14

SDH Signals and Data Rates

SDH Signals STMSTM-1 STMSTM-4 STMSTM-16 STMSTM-64 Bit rate(Mb/s) 155. 155.520 or 155M 155M 622.080 or 622M 622. 622M 2488.320 or 2.5G 2488. 9953.280 or 10G 9953. 10G

STM: Synchronous Transport Module

SDH higher-rate signal (STM-4,16,64) is exactly 4 times that of the lower-rate signal (STM-1)
15

Adding and dropping in SDH

SDH: Economical and easy way for network!

155Mbit/s
Optical interface

ADM

155Mbit/s
Optical interface

2Mbit/s
Electric signal
16

Advantages of SDH over PDH

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
Abundant overhead bits are used for OAM. Unnecessary to add redundancy bits to monitor line performance during line coding

COMPATIBILITY
SDH network and the existing PDH network can work together SDH network can accommodate the signals of other hierarchies such as ATM, FDDI, and Ethernet

17

SDH FRAME STRUCTURE

STM-N Frame Structure

For the convenience of signal analysis, the frame structures of the signals are often illustrated as block frame structures The frame structure of PDH signals, ATM signals and data packets of IP network are also block frames The frame of E1 signals is a block frame of 1 Rows x 32 Columns consisting of 32 Bytes
19

STM-1 Frame Structure

125 s
1 3 4 5

RSOH AUAU-PTR MSOH

9 Rows

P O H

STMSTM-N payload (including POH)

9
RSOH: RSOH: Regenerator Section Overhead MSOH: MSOH: Multiplex Section Overhead POH: POH: Path Overhead AUPTR: Administrative Unit Pointer AUPTR:
20

261 270 Columns

STM-N Frame Structure

125 s
1 3 4 5

RSOH AUAU-PTR MSOH

9 Rows

P O H

STMSTM-N payload (including POH)

9N
RSOH: RSOH: Regenerator Section Overhead MSOH: MSOH: Multiplex Section Overhead POH: POH: Path Overhead AUPTR: Administrative Unit Pointer AUPTR:
21

261 261N 270 270N Columns

SDH Frame Structure - ANATOMY

Transmission rate of single byte of STM-N frame:
STM-N frame contains 2430xN Bytes and each frame is transmitted every 125 s That means a given byte is transmitted 8000 times a second Transmission rate of a single byte:
8000 x 8 = 64 Kbps

Transmission rate of a STM-1 frame:

9 rows x 270 columns x 8000 frames/s x 8 bits = 15,55,20,000 bps = 155.52 Mbps

22

1st Byte

STM-1 Frame Transmission

1 271 270 540

2430th Byte

2161 Transmission Direction

1st Byte of STM frame # 1

2430

Transmission Mode: Byte-by-Byte, Byte-byFrom Left to right & top to bottom

Last byte of STM frame # 1

STMSTM-1 Frame # 1

1st Byte STM Frame # 2

23

SDH Frame Structure

Payload area for services transmission in STM-N 2M, 34M, and 140M signals are packed and carried in the payload of STM-N frame over SDH network Path Overhead (POH) after packing low rate signals, POH is added for OAM of every frame

24

SDH Frame Structure

Section Overhead (SOH) monitors the whole STMN frame
Regenerator Section Overhead (RSOH) monitors the whole STM-N frame. Multiplex Section Overhead (MSOH) monitors each STM-1 of the STM-N frame.

RSOH, MSOH, and POH compose the integrated monitoring system of SDH.
25

SDH Network NE Types

Terminal Multiplexer (TM) Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM) Regenerator (REG)

26

Regenerator
Regenerator has the job of regenerating the clock and amplitude relationships of the incoming data signals that have attenuated and distorted by dispersion The regenerator replaces the RSOH bytes before re-transmitting the signal

STM-N

Regenerator

STM-N

27

Terminal Multiplexer
Terminal multiplexers are used to combine

plesiochronous and synchronous input signals into higher bit rate STM-N signals

PDH SDH

Terminal Multiplexer

STM-N

28

Add / Drop Multiplexer

PDH and SDH signals can be extracted from or inserted into high speed SDH bit streams by means of ADMs
STM-N Towards other NEs STM-N Towards other NEs

Add / Drop Multiplexer

ATM

IP

SDH

PDH

Customers

29

Sections in the SDH Network

There are three sections in the SDH
Path Multiplex Section Regenerator Section

The overheads are always generated at the beginning of a section and only evaluated at the end of a section
Path
Multiplex Section Terminal Multiplexer REG Add/Drop Multiplexer REG Terminal Multiplexer

REG

Regenerator Section

30

Overhead Layer

POH MSOH RSOH

Payload Path Section Optical

Optical Fiber Cable

Payload Path Section Optical

31

How to understand SOH and POH?

Both SOH and POH are OAM bytes added to ensure correct and flexible transmission of signals SOH and POH are used in different layers to supervise and administrate the signals. RSOH and MSOH are used in RS and MS separately, but HPOH and LPOH are used for VC-3/VC4 and VC12
LPOH----used to supervise small package (VC-12) HPOH----used to supervise big package (VC-3 / VC-4) MSOH----used to supervise the carriage(STM-1) of the truck RSOH----used to supervise the motorcade formed by trucks (STM-4/16/64)

32

SDH Frame Structure

AU Pointer (AU-PTR)
Used for alignment of lower rate signals in the payload of STM-N frame to accurately locate the payload AU-PTR is added in transmitting end, when the signal is packed into the payload of STM-N frame At receiving end, the low rate signal is dropped from STM-N frame according to the AU-PTR value Low-rate signals in the STM frame are arranged obeying some rules byte interleave; so only have to locate the first low-rate signal in the STM frame

33

SDH MULTIPLEXING

SDH Multiplexing
SDH Multiplexing includes:
Low to high rate SDH signals (STM-1 STM-N) PDH to SDH signals (2M, 34M & 140M STM-N) Other hierarchy signals to SDH Signals (ATM STM-N)

35

SDH Multiplexing Structure

1 STM-64 1 STM-16 1 STM-4 1 STM-1 AUG-64 4 AUG-16 4 AUG-4 4 AUG-1 1 AU-4 3 VC-4 C-4 139264 kbit/s

Mapping Aligning Multiplexing Pointer processing

TUG-3 7

TU-3

VC-3

C-3

34368 kbit/s

TUG-2 TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2048 kbit/s

36

Mapping, Aligning and Multiplexing

Low-rate tributaries are multiplexed into STM-N signals through three procedures:
Mapping Aligning Multiplexing.

MAPPING
SDH mapping is a procedure by which tributaries are adapted into virtual containers at the boundary of an SDH network, for example, E1 into VC-12, E3 into VC-3, E4 into VC-4.

ALIGNING
SDH aligning is a procedure by which the frame-offset information is incorporated into the tributary unit, by adding a pointer The pointer value constantly locates the start point of the VC frame within the payload, so that the receiving end can correctly separate the corresponding VC

MULTIPLEXING
SDH multiplexing is the procedure by which multiple lower order path layer signals are adapted into a higher order path

37

Multiplexing Structure
C: Container VC: Virtual Container TU: Tributary Unit TUG: Tributary Unit Group AU: Administrative Unit AUG: Administrative Unit Group

38

Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

Rate Adaptation 1 4 1
1 Byte Path Overhead (POH)

VC12
POH

4 1

C12
2 Mbps Signal
9

C12
9

125 s

MAPPING

125 s

C-12 Size: (9 Rows x 4 Columns) 2 = 34 Bytes C-12 Frame Duration = 125 s VC-12 = C-12 + (1 Byte POH)
There can be four different POH bytes for one C-12 V5, J2, N2, K4

VC-12 Size: (9 Rows x 4 Columns) 1 = 35 Bytes VC-12 Frame Duration = 125 s

39

Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

1

VC12
POH

1 Byte Tributary Unit Pointer (TU-PTR) 4 1 1

TU12
POH

Multiplexing x3 4 1

TUG2
T U 12 T U 12 T U 12

12 1

C12
9

C12
PTR

125 s

ALIGNING

125 s

MULTIPLEXING

125 s

TU-12 = VC-12 + (1 Byte TU-PTR) TU-12 Size : (9 Rows x 12 Columns) = 36 Bytes TUG-2 = TU-12 + TU-12 + TU-12 TUG-2 size: (9 Rows x 12 Columns) = 108 Bytes TU-12 and TUG-2 Frame Duration = 125 s
40

Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

Multiplexing x7 12 1 T U 12 T U 12 T U 12 9 1 T U R R G 2

TUG2

TUG3
T U G 2 T U G 2 T U G 2 T U G 2 T U G 2

86 T U G 2 9 1

125 s

125 s

TUG-3 Size = (TUG-2) x 7 + R (2 Columns) TUG-3 Frame Duration = 125 s

41

Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

Multiplexing x3 86 1 P O R R H 9 1

VC4
T U G 3 T U G 3 T U G 3

261 1

125 s

125 s

VC-4 = TUG-3 + TUG-3 + TUG-3 + R (2 Columns) + POH (1 Column) VC-4 Frame Size = 9 Rows x 261 Columns = 2349 Bytes VC-4 Frame Duration = 125 s
42

Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

AU-PTR Multiplexing x1 RSOH and MSOH

1 1

VC4

261 1

AU4

270 1

AUG

270 1

STM-1

270

RSOH AU-PTR AU-PTR AU-PTR

VC4
9

VC4
9

VC4
125 s

MSOH

125 s

125 s

125 s

2 Mb Multiplexing Route
2 Mb C-12 VC-12 TU-12 TG-2 TG-3 VC-4 AU-4 AUG STM-1

43

34 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

Rate Adaptation 1 1 84 Path Overhead (POH) 1 1

VC3
C3
125 s

85

P O H

C3
34 Mbps Signal
9 9

125 s

C-3 Frame Size: 9 rows x 84 columns = 756 Bytes C-3 Frame Duration: 125 s VC-3 = C-3 + (POH) POH = 9 Rows x 1 Column = 9 Byte

VC-3 Frame Size: 9 Rows x 85 Columns = 765 Bytes VC-3 Frame Duration: 125 s
44

34 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

Tributary Unit Pointer 1
H1 H2 H3

TU3
VC3

Fixed Stuffing Bits 86 1 1

H1 H2 H3

TUG3
TU3
R

86 1

125 s

STUFFING

125 s

TU-3 = VC-3 + TU-PTR TUG-3 = TU-3 + R

Bits) (Fixed Stuffing

TU-PTR = 3 Byte Pointer (H1, H2 and H3) R (Fixed Stuffing Bits) = 6 Bytes (Fixed Stuffing Bits)

TU-3 and TUG-3 Frame Duration = 125 s

45

34 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

Multiplexing 1
H1 H2 H3

TUG3
TU3
R

86 1

x3

VC4
T U G 3 T U G 3 T 3

261 1

P OR R H

U G

125 s

125 s

VC-4 = TUG-3 + TUG-3 + TUG-3 + R (2 Columns) + POH (1 Column) VC-4 Frame Size = 9 Rows x 261 Columns = 2349 Bytes VC-4 Frame Duration = 125 s
46

34 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

AU-PTR Multiplexing x1 RSOH and MSOH

1 1

VC4

261 1

AU4

270 1

AUG

270 1

STM-1

270

RSOH AU-PTR AU-PTR AU-PTR

VC4
9

VC4
9

VC4
125 s

MSOH

125 s

125 s

125 s

34 Mb Multiplexing Route
34 Mb C-3 VC-3 TU-3 TUG-3 VC-4 AU-4 AUG STM-1

47

140 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

Rate Adaptation 1 1 260 Path Overhead (POH) 1 1

VC4
C4
125 s

261

P O H

C4
140 Mbps Signal
9 9

125 s

Rate Adaptation: The process of Bit stuffing, to account for different clock rates of the signals coming from different sources C-4 Frame Size: 9 rows x 260 columns = 2340 Bytes C-4 Frame Duration: 125 s
VC-4 = C-4 + (POH) POH = 9 Rows x 1 Column = 9 Byte

VC-4 Frame Size: 9 Rows x 261 Columns = 2349 Bytes

48

140 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

AU-PTR
1 1 4

AU4
9 10

Multiplexing x 1 270 1 1

AUG4
9 10 270

AU-PTR

VC4
9

AU4

125 s

125 s

AU-PTR: A 9 byte pointer is inserted at Row No 4 AU4 Size: (1x9)+(9x261) = 2358 Bytes AU-4 and AUG Frame Duration: 125 s
In case of 140 Mb signal mapping in STM-1, AU-4 and AUG are identical

49

140 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

RSOH and MSOH 1

AUG4

270 1 1

AUG4
9 10 270 1 1 270

RSOH

AU4

AU4
5

STM-1
9

MSOH

125 s

125 s

125 s

RSOH Size: 3 Rows x 9 Columns = 27 Bytes MSOH Size: 5 Rows x 9 Columns = 45 Bytes STM-1 Size: 9 Rows x 270 Columns = 2430 Bytes STM-1 Frame Size: 125 s
50

OVERHEADS

Overhead Bytes
STM-1 Frame Structure
OVERHEAD
1

RSOH
AU-PTR

P O H

MSOH
9 1

270

PAYLOAD
52

Section Overhead (SOH)

Overhead in SDH frame structure are classified as:
Section Overhead SOH Path Overhead POH

SOH is further divided into RSOH and MSOH

RSOH can be accessed in the regenerator or at the terminal equipment MSOH can be processed at the terminal equipment

53

Regenerator Section Overhead RSOH

A1 A1 B1 D1

A1 A2 A2 E1 D2

A2

J0 F1 D3

X X

X X

: Media dependent bytes

X: Bytes reserved for national use

54

A1 and A2 Bytes
Frame Alignment (Framing) Bytes Indicate the beginning of the STM-N frame A1 = F6H (11110110), A2 = 28H (00101000) In STM-N: (3XN) A1 bytes, (3XN) A2 bytes

stream
STM-N
Frame # 1

STM-N
Frame # 2

STM-N
Frame # 3

STM-N
Frame # 4

STM-N
Frame # 5

STM-N
Frame # 6

Finding frame head

A1 and A2 Bytes
Framing

Find A1,A2 Y

N 625 s

OOF
over 3ms

LOF

Next process

AIS
OOF: Out Of Frame LOF: Loss Of Frame AIS: Alarm Indication Signal

Regenerator Section Trace J0 Byte

Regenerator Section Trace Byte: J0
Its used to transmit repetitively a Section Access Point Identifier so that a section receiver can verify its continued connection to the intended transmitter Another usage of the J0 byte is that J0 byte in each STM-N frame is defined as an STM identifier C1 i.e., to identify individual STM-1 inside a multiplexed STM-N Within the domain of a single operator, this byte may use any character
57

B1 Byte
Bit interleaved Parity Code (BIP-8) Byte A parity code (even parity), used to check the transmission errors over the RS

BIP-8

A1 A2 A3 A4

00110011 11001100 10101010 00001111

STM-N

Tx
Calculate B1 of STM-N #1 Place the result of BIP in B1 of STM-N #2 Verify B1 B2

Rx

1#STM-N 2#STM-N

2#STM-N

B 01011010

1#STM-N

F1 Byte
User Channel Byte: F1
Provides a 64 kb/s data/voice channel for special maintenance purposes.

TM

REG F1

ADM

TM

59

E1 and E2 Bytes
Orderwire Bytes: Provides one 64 kbps each for voice communication E1: RS Orderwire Byte RSOH orderwire message E2: MS Orderwire Byte MSOH orderwire message

Digital telephone channel E1-RS, E2-MS

TM

ADM E1 and E2

REG

TM

Quiz
If only E2 byte is used as order wire byte, then order wire voice communication is provided between:
A and B B and C C and D

61

Quiz
If only E1 byte is used as order wire byte, then order wire voice communication is provided between:
A and B B and C C and D A and D

62

D1 ~ D12 Bytes
Data C i ati C annel (DCC) tes Message- ased C annel f r M et een s and RS-DCC D1 ~ D3 192 it/s (3X64 it/s) MS-DCC D4 ~ D12 6 it/s (9X64kbit/s) MS

NE

NE DCC channel

NE

NE

TMN

OAM Information: Control, Maintenance, Remote Provisioning, Monitoring (Alarm & Performance), Administration

Multiplex Section Overhead MSOH

B2 B2 D4 D7
D10

B2 K1 D5 D8
D11

K2 D6 D9
D12

S1

M1 E2

X: Bytes reserved for national use

64

B2 Bytes
The B1 byte monitors the transmission error of the complete STM-N frame signal The B2 bytes monitor the error performance status for each STM-1 frame within the STM-N frame There are N*3 B2 bytes in an STM-N frame with every three B2 bytes corresponding to an STM-1 frame

65

B2 Bytes
B2 Byte Principle
At transmitting end, the BIP-Nx24 is computed over all bits of the STMN frame except for the first three rows of SOH, and the result is placed in 3 bytes B2 of the preceding frame before scrambling. At receiving end, the BIP- Nx24 is computed over all bits of the frame except for the first three rows of SOH, and then Exclusive OR with the B2 bytes of the later arrived frame. If the value of Exclusive OR operation is zero, there is no bit block error. Any mismatch in result indicates transmission errors.
11001100 11001100 11001100 01011101 01011101 01011101
For example BIP-N24 is computed over a frame of signal composed of 9 bytes.

BIP24

11110000 11110000 11110000 01100001 01100001 01100001

66

K1 and K2 (b1 ~ b5)

Automatic Protection Switching (APS) channel bytes Used for transmitting APS signaling to implement equipment self-healing function The K1 byte and K2(b1 b5) are used for automatic switchover to a standby path

67

K1 and K2 (b1 ~ b5)

NE-B detects a transmission error on the line and informs NE-A via K1 byte to switchover NE-A switches to the standby channel NE-A via K2 byte indicates the switchover in NE-B NE-B switches to the standby channel
NE-A
Working path

NE-B

K2

Standby path

Working path

K1

Standby path

68

S1 Byte
Synchronization Status Message Byte (SSMB) This byte is used for synchronization of network Bits 5 to 8 of S1 byte indicate the quality of the incoming clock The smaller the value of S1 (b5-b8), the higher the level of clock quality (b5This helps to determine whether or not to switch the clock source, i.e. switch to higher quality clock source bits 5 ~ 8 Meaning
0000 0010 0100 1000 1011 1111 Quality unknown (existing sync. Network) G.811 PRC G.812 transit G.812 local G.813 SETS (Synchronous Equipment Timing Clock) Do not use for sync.

M1 Byte
Multi lex Secti n Remote rror Indication MS-REI te This byte is used to report back the number of error blocks detected by the recei er by evaluating three 2 bytes Tx generate corresponding performance event MS-REI

Evaluate B2 and detect bit errors

2 B2 B2

Traffic

Tx

Rx
M1

M -REI

Generate MS-REI

Report no. of errors detected

Path Overheads
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1

VC-n Path Trace Byte Path BIP-8 Path Signal Label Path Status Path User Channel TU Multiframe Indication Path User Channel AP Switching Network Operator

Higher Order Path Overhead

Path Signal Label : C2 Byte

C2 byte is used to indicate the type and composition of the VC-4 tributary information

72

Path Status : G1 Byte

Path status byte This byte is used to report back the fault from path sink to path source and is set in the POH of the opposite direction

HP-REI
1 2 3 4

HP-RDI
5 6

Reserved
7 8

HP-REI: High order Path Remote Error Indication HP-RDI: High order Path Remote Defect Indication

73

HP-REI and HP-RDI

Higher order Path Remote Error Indication
The SDH NE (sink end) checks B3 bytes If error blocks are detected, the number of error blocks detected is sent to the remote terminal in HP-REI signal The SDH NE (sink end) checks J1 and C2 bytes

Higher order Path Remote Defect Indication

If J1 and C2 fail to be consistent, HP-TIM (Higher order path Trace Identifier Mismatch) and HP-SLM (Higher order Path Signal Label Mismatch) alarms are generated HP-RDI is sent back to the remote end
74

Multiframe Indication : H4 Byte

This byte indicates the frame label for a multiframe in the next VC-4 payload The value of this byte ranges from 00H to 03H

75

Path Overheads
Low Order Path Overhead 1 1 V5 4 J2 N2 K4

VC-12

VC-12

VC-12

VC-12

9 500 s VC-12 multiframe

Path Status and Signal Label : V5 Byte

BIP-2
1 2

LP-REI LP-RFI
3 4 5

Signal Label
6 7

LP-RDI
8

BIP-2
Parity code of VC-12

LP-REI
Low order Path Remote Error Indication LP-REI is set to "1" and returned to teh opposite direction if one or more errors are detected via BIP-2

LP-RFI
Low order Path Remote Failure Indication If a defect condition persists beyond the maximum allowed time, it becomes a failure, then LP-RFI is set to "1" and sent back to the source

Signal Label
Indicates type and composition of VC-12 tributary information

LP-RFI
Low order Path Remote Defect Indication If sink end detects a TU-12 AIS, it sets LP-RDI to "1" and sends back to the source

77

POINTERS

Pointers

Pointers

AU-PTR

TU-PTR

AU-PTR
1 RSOH

AUAU-PTR

MSOH

AU-PTR
H1
1

Y
2

Y
3

H2
4

F
5

F
6

H3
7

H3
8

H3
9

Y: Fixed value 1001SS11 F: Fixed value 11111111 H3: Additional transmission capacity during negative

justification H1 and H2: Pointer value is contained in the last ten bits of H1 and H2
81

AU-PTR
H1 and H2
N N N N S S I D I D I D I D I D

N: New data flag bits

A notification to the receiver about the change in pointer value and pointer justification operation

AU/TU type:
For AU-4 and TU-3, SS=10

I/D: Increment/Decrement bits

D bits are inverted to decrement next AU-PTR address (-ve justification) I bits are inverted to increment next AU-PTR address (+ve justification)
82

TU-PTR
The tributary unit pointer is used to indicate the specific location of the first byte (V5) of the VC-12 within the TU-12 payload

83

TU-PTR
500 s VC-12 multiframe

VC-12

VC-12

VC-12

VC-12

V1

V2

V3

V4

TU POINTERS

THANK YOU