S. A.

AHSAN RAJON
Ahsan.rajon@gmail.com http://sites.google.com/site/ahsanrajon +88-01911510286

SAD


System Analysis and Design

ISAD


Information System Analysis and Design

S. A. AHSAN RAJON

Easy course; but uninteresting;

 

No math; No programming; No logic; Simply voluminous texts.

Traditional learning

How to do well in exam?

  

Understand the topic Note down the Key points extracted from the texts. Try to match with your usual day-to-day concept.
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At LEAST THREE class tests



If you want more; ... [ ??? ]

Class Test Schedule

Week will be fixed by me.

Dates will be SELECTED by you

DATES are absolute; not even ask

S. A. AHSAN RAJON

BOOKS


SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Author: Elias M. Awad Edition: Second Edition or Any recent Publisher: Galgotia Publications

Modern System analysis and Design

Author: Jeffery A. Hoffer, Joey F. George, Joseph S. Valacich, Prabin K. Panigrahi Edition: Fourth Edition or recent Publisher: Pearson

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS

Author: Jeffery L. Whitten Edition: Fifth Edition or recent Publisher: McGraw Hill
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Reference Book


Information Systems: A Management Perspective

Author: Steven Alter Edition: Third Edition or Any recent Publisher: Pearson Education

OTHER RESOURCES


Should be provided

Lecture Slides


Oops!! SAD with SAD lecture Slides

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S. A. AHSAN RAJON

Systems Concepts System Development Life Cycle Role of System Analyst System planning Information gathering Tools for structured analysis Cost and benefit analysis System and system-component design Miscellaneous
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Software Systems are based on Information Systems



Development of Software requires understanding the existing system set-up

Revealing existing set up requires you to understand the organizational paradigm.

How to have requirement Analysis?

Then you need data collection

How to collect data? How to record Data? How to get a result from that data?

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Consider
     

University Management System. Employee information and Payroll management System. Company Automation System/production control system National ID project. Electronic voting system. SMS-based information management system.

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For any System

  

What is the current system? How the current system works? What are the advantages & disadvantages i.e. problems of present system? How Information Technology may be applied (if not applied in the current system)?

Or how the adopted Information Technology based System may be enhanced?

Which advantages are obtained by applying the new systems.

What are the limitations/disadvantages/pitfalls of new systems?

How to administer/Manage the new system?

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Derived from Greek word systema which means



An organized relationship among functioning units or components.

A system exists because it is designed to achieve one or more objectives.

A system is an orderly grouping of interdependent components linked together according to a plan to achieve a specific objective.

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Component may refer to



Physical parts

engines, wings of aircraft or wheels of a car

Managerial steps

Planning, Organizing, Directing and Controlling

Or a subsystem of multilevel structure

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Components of a system may be simple or complex, basic or advanced.

There may be a single computer or even be a series of intelligent terminals linked to a mainframe.


In either case, each component is part of the total system and has to share do its share of work for the system to achieve the intended goal.

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A system must be designed to achieve a predefined objective.

Interrelationships and interdependence must exist among the components.

The objectives of the organization as a whole has a higher priority than the objectives of the subsystem.
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Organization Interaction Interdependence Integration Central Objective

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Implies Structure and Order Arrangements that helps to achieve objectives Hierarchical Relationship


Such Arrangement portraying a systemsubsystem relationship

  

Defines authority structure Specifies formal flow of communication Formulizes the chain of command

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Refers to the manner in which each component functions with other components of the system.


Interrelationship among the central processing unit, memory and other hardware components enables the computer system to perform.

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Interdependence means that parts of the organization or computer system works together. They are coordinated and linked together according to a plan. One subsystem depends on input of another subsystem for proper functioning; that is output of one subsystem is required input of another subsystem. No subsystem can function in isolation.
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Task interdependence in computer based systems

User area

System Analysis

Design

Programm ing

Operatio ns

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Admission Courses Administra tion Grants University Finance personnel Accounts Researc h Outcome Consulta ncy Internal earnings

Major Subsystem Employm ent

Accounts Minor Subsystem personnel Safety

Benefits Miscella neous Intermediate Subsystem

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Refers to the holism of a system. Integration is concerned with how a system is tied together. More than sharing a physical part. It means that parts of the system works together within the system even though the each part performs a unique function.

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Objectives may be real or stated. Achievement of one objective may be a must for moving towards achievement of another one.

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An information system is an
arrangement of people, data, process, information presentation and information technology that interact to support an improved day-to-day operations in a business as well as support the problem solving and decision making needs to management and users. [Whitten]

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Information system may be defined as

a set of devices, procedures and operating systems designed around user based criteria to produce information and communicate it to the users for planning, control and performance

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Information technology is a contemporary term that describes the combination of computer technology (hardware and software) with telecommunication technology (data, voice networks)

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Information system analysis and design is the complex organizational process whereby computer based organizational systems are developed and maintained.

Main goal is to improve employee efficiency by applying software solutions to key business tasks

A structured approach must be used in order to ensure success

[ Hoffer ]

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Types of Systems
  

Physical and abstract Open or closed Man-made information system

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PHYSICAL SYSTEMS


Tangible entities; may be static or dynamic in operation

E.g. in computer centers, computer hardware are static, programs stored into computers are dynamic

Data, programs, output and applications change as users demands

ABSTRACT SYSTEMS


Conceptual or non-physical entities

E.g. model; representation of real or planned systems.

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TYPES of SYSTEM MODELS



Schematic Model

Two dimensional chart describing system elements and linkage

Flow-System Model

Concerned with flow of information

Static system model

Exhibits pair relationship; e.g. activity-time or cost-quantity

Gantt chart

Dynamic System Model

Describes ongoing consistently changing system

Trend analysis, probabilistic model.

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Open Systems
  

Permits interactions across its boundaries. Receives input from and delivers output to outside. Information system falls into this category since it must adapt to the changing demands of the user.

Closed Systems
 

Isolated from environmental influences. In reality completely closed system is rare.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF OPEN SYSTEMS

    

Input from outside Entropy Process, Output and Cycles Differentiation Equi-finality

No matter how you reach the destination; the matter is, the costs and outcome would be the same.

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Input from outside

 

Open Systems are Self adjusting and self adapting When functioning properly Open Systems reaches into Steady State or equilibrium

Entropy


All dynamic systems tend to run down over time resulting in entropy or loss of energy

Open systems resist entropy by seeking new inputs or modifying the processes to return to a steady state.

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Process, Output and Cycles



Produce output, operate in cycles, follows continuous processing path

Differentiation


Have a tendency towards an increasing specialization of functions

Equi-finality


Implies that, goals are achieved through differing courses of actions and a variety of paths.

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Man-Made Information systems



Recall definition of information systems.

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Types of (Man-made) Information System

  

Formal Information Systems Informal Information Systems Computer-based Information Systems

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Based on organization based on organization represented by the organization chart



This chart is a Map of positions and their authority relationships, indicated by boxes and connected by straight lines.

concerned with the pattern of authority, communication and work flow Information is formally disseminated in instructions, memos or reports from top management to the intended users in the organizations Also allows feedback up the chain of command for follow-up.
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Organizational charts depict the hierarchy of employees in an organization

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STRATEGIC INFORMATION


Refers to long range planning policies that are of direct interest to upper management.

Information such as trends in financial investment, human resources changes would be of top company officials who are responsible for developing policies and determining long range goals.

This type of information is achieved by DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM (DSS)

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MANAGERIAL INFORMATION


Of direct use to middle management and department heads for implementation and control

E.g. sales analysis, cash flow projections, financial statements

This type of information is of use in short and intermediate range planning.

Maintained with the aid of Management Information System (MIS)

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OPERATIONAL INFORMATION


Short term; daily information used to operate departments and enforce day to day rules and regulations of the business.

E.g. daily employee absence sheets, overdue purchase orders, current stock available for sale

Operational information is established by Data Processing Systems (DPS)

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UPPER

Strategic Planning Information

DSS Decision Support System

MIDDLE

Management control information

MIS Management Information System

LOWER

Operational information

DPS Data Processing System

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employee based system



designed to meet personal and vocational needs and to help solve work related problems.

Knowledge about the inner working of the employee based system is useful during the exploratory face of the analysis.


Employee co-operation and participation are crucial in training users.

Since computer cant provide reliable information without user staff support, a proper interface with the informal communication channels could mean the difference the between the success and the failure of the system.

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A third class of the information system realize on the computer for handling the business applications.
  

Transaction processing system (TPS) Management Information System (MIS): Decision Support System (DSS)

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The level of the manager in the organization is an important factor in determining the kind of information needed to solve a problem.


Lower level management needs detailed internal information to make day to day relatively structured controlled decisions higher level management. For whom the long range objectives are the primary concerns requires summarized information from a variety of sources to attain goals.

MIS is a person machine system and a highly integrated grouping of information processing function designed to provide management with a comprehensive picture of specific information of specific operations.

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The primary users of MIS are middle and top management, operational managers and support staff. Middle and top management use MIS for
   

preparing forecasts, special request for analysis long range plans and periodic reports.

Operational managers use MIS primarily for

 

short range planning and periodic and exception reports.

The support staff finds MIS useful for the

 

special analysis of information and reports to help management in planning and control.
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MIS provides limited support to top level management for decision making whereas DSS advances the capabilities of MIS.


It assists management in making decisions.

Decision support system stands for



Decision

emphasizes decision making in problem situation.

Support

Requires computer added decision situation enough structure to permit computer support.

System

Combines the integrated nature of problem solving suggesting a combine man , machine and decision involvement.
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DSS results from adding

  

external data sources, accounting and statistical models and interactive query capabilities.

The outcone is a system designed to serve all levels of management and top level managements in particular with what if unstructured problem situation.

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Harvard Simon described decision making as a three phase continuous process model.

 Pro lem Recognition  Gathering information a out a pro lem  Calling for a decision  Develop alternative Solutions  Evaluate Alternative Solutions  Actual Selection of a solution for implementation

Intelligence

Design

Choice

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Expert systems are designed to analyze data and produce a recommendation, diagnosis, or decision based on a set of facts and rules


Knowledge base

Inference engine Knowledge engineering

Expert system shell  Fuzzy logic



A neural network uses computer circuitry to simulate the way a brain might process information, learn, and remember

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An expert system is characterized y its a ility to:  Replicate the reasoning of a human expert  Work with internal or external data  Produce a recommendation or decision

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