OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE

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Objectives

ADVANTAGES OF FIBRE OPTICS. Applications of Optic Fibres. Transmission Sequence. THEORY AND PRINCIPLE OF FIBRE OPTICS. Construction of O.F.Cable. Types of Fibres. Attenuation in fibres. Numerical Aperture, Dispersion and Band width of fibres.
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ADVANTAGES OF FIBRE OPTICS:

I. II. Optical Fibres are non conductive
Cables can be all dielectric.

Electromagnetic Immunity :
Immune to electromagnetic interference (EMI) No radiated energy. Unauthorised tapping difficult.

III.

Large Bandwidth (> 5.0 GHz for 1 km length)

Future upgradability. Maximum utilization of cable right of way. One time cable installation costs.

IV.

Low Loss (5 dB/km to < 0.25 dB/km typical)

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ADVANTAGES OF FIBRE OPTICS:Contd.. V. VI. Small, Light weight cables.

- Easy installation and Handling. - Efficient use of space.

Available in Long lengths (> 12 kms)

- Less splice points.

VII. Security
- Extremely difficult to tap a fibre as it does not radiate energy - Highly secure transmission medium.

VIII. Security - Being a dielectric - It cannot cause fire.

- Does not carry electricity. - Can be run through hazardous areas.

IX.

Universal medium
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Applications of Optic Fibres

Telephone Inter-office Trunk lines. Customer premise communication networks. Undersea cables. High EMI areas (Power lines, Rails, Roads). Factory communication/ Automation. Control systems. Expensive environments. High lightening areas. Military applications. Classified (secure) communications
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Transmission Sequence

8000

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Transmission Sequence
1. 2. 3. 4. Information is Encoded into Electrical Signals. Electrical Signals are Converted into light Signals. Light Travels Down the Fiber. A Detector Changes the Light Signals into Electrical Signals. 5. Electrical Signals are Decoded into Information. 6. Inexpensive light sources available. 7. Repeater spacing increases along with operating speeds because low loss fibres are used at high data rates
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THEORY AND PRINCIPLE OF FIBRE OPTICS

By Snell's law, n1 sin 1 = n2 sing 2 The critical angle of incidence c where 2 = 90 o Is c = arc sing (n2 / n1) At angle greater than c the light is reflected, Because reflected light means that n1 and n2 are equal (since they are in the same material), 1 and 2 are also equal. The angle of incidence and reflection are equal. These simple principles of refraction and reflection form the basis of light propagation through an optical fibre.
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Principle of Total Internal Reflection.

Angle of inci ence

1
n1 n2 n1 n2

1
n1 n2

Angle of reflection

2
Light i bent away fro normal

2
Light doe not enter second material

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Propagation of light thro fibre

The optical fibre has two concentric layers called the core and the cladding. The inner core is the light carrying part. The surrounding cladding provides the difference refractive index that allows total internal reflection of light through the core.

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Propagation of light thro fibre contd..

Jacket Jacket laddi g re

Cladding (n2) Core (n2)

Claddi g Jacket Light at less than Angle of A gle of critical angle is incidence reflection absorbed in jacket Light is propagated by total internal reflection ig. otal Internal Reflection in an optical Fibre
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Construction of O.F.Cable.
An Optical fibre consists of a core of optically transparent material usually silica or borosilicate glass surrounded by a cladding of the same material but a slightly lower refractive index. Fibre themselves have exceedingly small diameters. Figure shows cross section of the core and cladding diameters of commonly used fibres. The diameters of the core and cladding are as follows
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Construction of O.F.Cable.Contd
125 8 125 50 125 62.5 125 100

Core

Claddin

T pical Core and Claddin Diameters

Core (Qm) 8 50 62.5 100

Cladding (Q m) 125 125 125 140

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Fibre types
There are three types of fibres :
1. Multimode Step Index fibre (Step Index fibre) 2. Multimode graded Index fibre (Graded Index fibre) 3. Single- Mode Step Index fibre (Single Mode Fibre)

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Step index fibre

1. 2. In "Step Index" Fibres, the refractive index changes abruptly from cladding to core. The paths along which the rays (modes) of this step index fibre travel differ, depending on their angles relative to the axis. As a result, the different modes in a pulse will arrive at the far end of the fibre at different times, resulting in pulse spreading which limits the bit-rate of a digital signal which can be transmitted. This types of fibre results in considerable model dispersion, which results the fibre's band width.
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3.

4.

Graded index fibre

This fibre is called graded index because there are many changes in the refractive index with larger values towards the center. As light travels faster in a lower index of refraction. So, the farther the light is from the center axis, the grater is its speed. Each layer of the core refracts the light. Instead of being sharply reflected as it is in a step index fibre, the light is now bent or continuously refracted in an almost sinusoidal pattern. Those rays that follow the longest path by travelling near the outside of the core, have a faster average velocity. The light travelling near the center of the core, has the slowest average velocity. R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD 16

Graded index fibre

Hi order Mode Dispersion Refractive Index Profile

Input Pulse

Output Pulse

n1 n2

Multi mode Step Index ow Order Mode

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Graded index fibre

Dispersion n1 n2

Multi mode Graded Index

n1 n2

Single Mode Step Index

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ATTENUATION

Li t Ra

INTRINSIC ATTENUATION It is loss due to inherent or within the fibre. Intrinsic attenuation may occur as (I) Absorption - Natural Impurities in the glass absorb light energy.

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ATTENUATION
Scattering - Light rays travelling in the core reflect from small imperfections into a new pathway that may be lost through the cladding.
Light is lost

Light Ray

Absorption - Natural Impurities in the Glass Absorb Light Energy.

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EXTRINSIC ATTENUATION
It is loss due to external sources. Extrinsic attenuation may occur as Macro bending - The fibre is sharply bent so that the light travelling down the fibre cannot make the turn & is lost in the cladding. Micro bending Micro bending or small bends in the fibre caused by crushing contraction etc. These bends may not be visible with the naked eye.
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EXTRINSIC ATTENUATION
Micro bend

Micro bend

Micro bend

Fig. Loss and Bends

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DISPERSION
It is defined as the spreading of light pulse as it travels down the fibre. ecause of the spreading effect, pulses tend to overlap, making them unreadable by the receiver.

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BANDWIDTH
It is defined as the spreading of light pulse as it travels down the fibre. ecause of the spreading effect, pulses tend to overlap, making them unreadable by the receiver.

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NUMBERICAL APERTURE
Numerical aperture (NA) is the "light - gathering ability" of a fibre. Light injected into the fibre at angles greater than the critical angle will be propagated. The material NA relates to the refractive indices of the core and cladding. NA = n12 - n22 where n1 and n2 are refractive indices of core and cladding respectively. NA is unit less dimension.

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Dispersion
Dispersion is the spreading of light pulse as its travels down the length of an optical fibre. Dispersion limits the bandwidth or information carrying capacity of a fibre. There are three main types of dispersion in a fibre (I) Modal Dispersion (II)Material dispersion (III)Wave guide dispersion
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BANDWIDTH AND DISPERSION

A bandwidth of 400 MHz -km means that a 400 MHzsignal can be transmitted for 1 km. It means that the product of frequency and the length must be 400 or less. We can send a lower frequency for a longer distance, i.e. 200 MHz for 2 km or 100 MHz for 4 km. Multimode fibres are specified by the bandwidth-length product or simply bandwidth. Single mode fibres on the other hand are specified by dispersion, expressed in ps/km/nm.

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BANDWIDTH AND DISPERSION

A bandwidth of 400 MHz -km means that a 400 MHzsignal can be transmitted for 1 km. It means that the product of frequency and the length must be 400 or less. We can send a lower frequency for a longer distance, i.e. 200 MHz for 2 km or 100 MHz for 4 km. Multimode fibres are specified by the bandwidth-length product or simply bandwidth. Single mode fibres on the other hand are specified by dispersion, expressed in ps/km/nm.

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