Session 5

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Session Objectives
Identify the iteration constructs The while loop The do while loop Nested while and do while loops The for loop Multiple initialisations / increments in for loop Nested for loops Understand simple control statements
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Iteration Constructs
Iteration constructs supported by C++ includes

The while loop The do.while loop

The for loop

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Basics of Loops
Standard Algorithm for any loop constructs is Step 1: - Initialising the control variable Step 2: - Evaluating expression. Step 3: - Incrementing the value of control variable

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The while loop

The while loop iterates until the expression is true.

while (expression) Processing statement

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Simple while Example

#include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main(void) This will print the { numbers 0 to 10 on int x = 0 ; successive lines. clrscr() ; while(x <= 10) { cout << x++ << endl ; } }
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while Example (1)

#include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main(void) { int marks, att_percent ; char grade, cont = 'Y' ; while(cont != 'N' && cont != 'n') { clrscr() ; cout << "Enter MARKS: " ; cin >> marks ; cout << endl ; cout << "Enter ATTENDANCE PERCENTAGE: " ; cin >> att_percent ; cout << endl ;

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while Example (2)

switch(marks >= 80) { case 1 : grade = 'A' ; break ; case 0 : switch(marks >= 60){ case 1 : switch(att_percent >= 80) { case 1 : grade = 'A' ; break ; case 0 : grade = 'B' ; break ; } break ; case 0 : switch(marks >= 35) { case 1 : switch(att_percent >= 80) { case 1 : grade = 'C' ; break ;

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while Example (3)

case 0 : grade = 'P' ; break ; } break ; case 0 : grade ='F' ; break ; } break ; } } cout << "Grade: " << grade << endl ; cout << "Continue (Y/N) : " ; cin >> cont ; }} Enter MARKS: 56
Enter ATTENDANCE PERCENTAGE: 98 Grade: C Continue (Y/N) : n

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The do while Loop

The do..while loop is useful in conditions where a certain set of processing statements needs to be performed at least once. do { Processing statements } while (expression) ;

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Simple do..while Example (1)

#include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main(void) { int n, i_sum = 0, right_digit ; cout << "Type an integer value: " ; cin >> n ; cout << endl ; do { right_digit = n % 10 ; // To extract rightmost digit i_sum += right_digit ;

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Simple do..while Example (2)

n /= 10 ;// Move next digit into rightmost position } while(n>0);//No more digits to extract if value of n = 0 cout << "The sum of the digits is: " << i_sum ; }

Type an integer value: 123 The sum of the digit is: 6

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Nested while and do while Loop

To enable multiple layers of iteration.
while (expression) { while(expression { statements } } do { do { statements }while(expression); }while(expression);

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Example (1)
#include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main(void) { int class_no, marks, tot_studs, roll_no ; char choice ; clrscr() ; do { cout << "Enter class number: " ; cin >> class_no ; cout << endl ; if(class_no >0) { cout << "Enter TOTAL STUDENTS IN CLASS: " ; cin >> tot_studs ;

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Example (2)
cout << endl ; roll_no = 1 ; while(roll_no <= tot_studs) { cout << "Enter MARKS for roll number " ; cout << roll_no << ":" ; cin >> marks ; cout << endl ; cout << "MARKS ENTERED for roll number " ; cout << roll_no << " = " << marks << endl ; roll_no++ ; } } cout << "Enter marks for another class (Y/N) ? " ; cin >> choice ; clrscr() ; } while(choice != 'N' && choice != 'n') ; }
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Example (3)
Enter Enter Enter MARKS Enter MARKS Enter MARKS Enter MARKS Enter MARKS class number: 5 TOTAL STUDENTS IN CLASS: 5 MARKS for roll number 1:65 ENTERED for roll number 1 = MARKS for roll number 2:67 ENTERED for roll number 2 = MARKS for roll number 3:54 ENTERED for roll number 3 = MARKS for roll number 4:76 ENTERED for roll number 4 = MARKS for roll number 5:89 ENTERED for roll number 5 =

65 67 54 76 89

Enter marks for another class (Y/N) ? N

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The for loop (1)

The general syntax of the for statement is -

The initialize counter is an assignment statement that sets the loop control variable, before entering the loop. The conditional test is a relational expression, which determines, when the loop will exit. The evaluation parameter defines how the loop control variable changes, each time the loop is executed.
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The for loop (1)

The three sections of the for loop must be separated by a semicolon(;).

The statement, which forms the body of the loop, can either be a single statement or a compound statement.

The for loop continues to execute as long as the conditional test evaluates to true. When the condition becomes false, the program resumes on the statement following the for loop.

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Simple For loop Example

#include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main(void) { int num ;

This will print the numbers 0 to 10 on successive lines.

clrscr() ; for(num = 0; num <= 10; num++) { cout << num << endl ; } }

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Multiple Initialization / Increments

The following loop is used for multiple initialization -

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Example (1)
#include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main(void) { int bats_score, team_score, bats_no, runs_scored ; char c_quit ; clrscr() ; for(team_score = 0, bats_no = 1; bats_no <= 11 && c_quit != 'Y' && c_quit != 'y'; bats_no++, team_score += runs_scored) { cout << "\nTEAM SCORE: " << team_score ; cout << "\t\tBATSMAN " << bats_no << " - RUNS SCORED: " ; cin >> runs_scored ;

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Example (2)
if(bats_no < 11) { cout << "Quit entering data (Y/N) ? " ; cin >> c_quit ; } } cout << "\nTOTAL TEAM SCORE: " << team_score ;}

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Example (3)
TEAM SCORE: 0 BATSMAN 1 - RUNS SCORED: 56 Quit entering data (Y/N) ? n TEAM SCORE: 56 BATSMAN 2 - RUNS SCORED: 56 Quit entering data (Y/N) ? n TEAM SCORE: 112 BATSMAN 3 - RUNS SCORED: 76 Quit entering data (Y/N) ? n TEAM SCORE: 188 BATSMAN 4 - RUNS SCORED: 56 Quit entering data (Y/N) ? n TEAM SCORE: 244 BATSMAN 5 - RUNS SCORED: 56 Quit entering data (Y/N) ? n TEAM SCORE: 300 BATSMAN 6 - RUNS SCORED: 65 Quit entering data (Y/N) ? y TOTAL TEAM SCORE: 365
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Nested for Loops

The general syntax of the nested for loop is

for (expression 1; expression 2; expression 3) { for (expression 1; expression 2; expression 3) Processing statement ; }

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Simple Nested For loop Example

#include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main(void) { int i, j, k ; i = 0 ; clrscr() ; cout << "Enter number of rows: " ; cin >> i ; cout << endl ; for(j = 0; j < i; j++) { cout << "\n" ; for(k = 0; k <= j; k++) { cout << "*" ; }}}

Enter number of rows: 10 * ** *** **** ***** ****** ******* ******** ********* **********

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The Comma Operator

Comma Operator

Example: b = 5, a = (++b), a + b The value of the expression is 12. When the last sub-expression; that is, a + b is calculated, b has the value of 6 and a has the value of 6.

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The break Statement

break Statement

The break statement used within a loop causes the loop to be terminated and forces the execution to proceed with the statements following that loop.

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Simple break Example (1)

#include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main(void) { int i, num ; clrscr() ; for(i = 0; i < 10; i++) { cout << "Enter any number between 1 & 10: " ;

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Simple break Example (2)

cin >> num ; cout << endl ;

if(num == 5) break ; } cout << "\nBreak statement executed" ; }

Enter any number between 1 & 10: 2 Enter any number between 1 & 10: 5 Break statement executed
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The continue Statement

continue Statement

When continue statement is encountered in a loop, the rest of the statements in the loop are skipped and the control passes to the condition, which is evaluated and if TRUE the loop is entered again.

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Simple continue Example

#include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main(void) { int i; clrscr() ; for(i = 1; i <= 100; i++) { if(i % 9 == 0) { continue ; } cout << i << "\t" ; } }

This prints all the numbers from 1 to 100 which are not divisible by 9.

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continue and break Example (1)

#include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main(void) { int i_num, i_total = 0 ; clrscr() ; do { cout << "Enter a number (0 to quit) : " ; cin >> i_num ; if(i_num == 0) break ; else if(i_num < 0) continue ;

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continue and break Example (2)

i_total += i_num ; } while(1) ; cout << "The sum of all the positive values entered : " << i_total ; getch() ; } Enter a Enter a Enter a Enter a The sum number number number number of all (0 to quit) : 45 (0 to quit) : 45 (0 to quit) : 87 (0 to quit) : 0 the positive values entered : 177

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The exit() Construct

exit() Construct

The function exit() is used to terminate a program immediately. An exit() is used to check if a mandatory condition for a program execution is satisfied or not. The general form of an exit() is: exit(int return_code)

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exit() construct Example (1)

#include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> #include <process.h> void main(void) { int val = 1 ; char c_entry ; clrscr() ; while(val <= 50) { cout << "Val = " ; cin >> val ; cout << "Enter immediately " ; cin >> c_entry ;

to

exit

system

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exit() construct Example (2)

if(c_entry == 'E' || c_entry == 'e') exit(0) ; } cout << "Exiting system..." ; }

Val = Enter Val = Enter

45 E to exit system immediately T 3 E to exit system immediately E

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