Early Atomic Theory

Objectives
1. Understand the history of atom by
naming and tracing the
contributions of the scientist
2. Enumerate the Daltons atomic
theory
3. Discuss the theory and the history
behind ecah subatomic particles

Objectives
4. Compare and contrast atomic
mass from atomic number
5. Compute for the definite
proportion and composition
6. Compute for multiple proportion

Timeline of Early
Chemistry

BC
No studies
were made
440 BC
Empedocles (Greek)
Fire, water,
Earth and air
470-370
BC
Democritus
Particles in matter
(atom)
427-347
BC
Plato
Element
Things from a formless
primary matter
384-322
BC
Aristotle
Hule
1766-1844
Daltons
Atomic Theory
Timeline of Early
Chemistry
All forms of matter were divisible
into tiny particles
ATOMS (derived from Greek
ATOMOS)
Atoms were in constant motion and
that they combined with one
another in various ways.
Purely speculative hypothesis no
scientific basis

Timeline of Early
Chemistry
Aristotle opposed the theory and
endorsed and advanced the
Empedoclean theory.
The Aristotlean theory of matter
dominated until the beginning of
the 17
th
century.

Daltons Atomic Theory
After years of study, John Dalton
proposed an atomic model based
on facts and experimental
evidence.
Stands as a landmark in the
development of chemistry.

Daltons Atomic Theory
Elements are composed of minute,
indivisible particles called atoms.
Atoms of the same element are
alike in mass and size.
Atoms of different elements have
different masses and sizes.
Daltons Atomic Theory
Chemical compounds are formed
by the union of two or more atoms
of different elements.
Atoms combine to form compounds
in simple numerical ratios.
Atoms of two elements may
combine in different ratios to form
more than one compound.
Daltons Atomic Theory
Some of the postulates are still
valid but some must be modified
and qualified.
Atoms are composed of subatomic
particles.
Not all the atoms of a specific element
have the same mass.
Atoms, under special circumstances
can be decomposed.
Discovery of Ions
Michael Faraday
Discovered that certain substances
when dissolved in water conduct
electric current.
Noticed that certain compounds
decompose into their elements by
passing an electric current
Discovery of Ions
Atoms of some elements are
attracted to the positive electrode
Those of the other elements are
attracted to the negative electrode
Faradays Conclusion
Atoms are electrically charged.
He called them as ions after the
Greek word which means
wanderer.
Svante Arrhenius
Na
+
moves towards the negative
electrode (cathode)
Cl
-
moves towards the positive
electrode (anode)
Positive ions cations
Negative ions anions
Crookes Tubes
(Cathode Ray Tube)

The Electron: Discovery
In 1897, Joseph J. Thomson, an
English physicist, determined the
electric charge-to-mass ratio of
electron (e/m), by studying the
deflection of cathode rays in
magnetic and electrical fields
applied at right angle to each
other.
Its value is -1.756 x 10
8
coulombs/g.
The Proton: Mass
Thomson discovered the nature of
proton
The mass of a proton was found to
be 1.673 x 10
-24
g which is estimated
to be 1837 times heavier that
electron.

The Neutron: Discovery
Experimental evidence discussed earlier
show that protons have more mass than
electrons.
Extensive researches have shown that
the nucleus contains other particles aside
from the protons.
These particles are called neutrons.
James Chadwick, a British physicist,
discovered the neutron in 1932.
The Neutron: Mass
Neutrons add to the mass of the
practically equal to that of a
proton.
It was found to have a mass of 1.675
x 10
-24
g.
The Nucleus
Ernest Rutherford, a British
physicist, completely unraveled
the nature of Becquerel rays.
The three types of rays emitted
occurring radioactive materials
were named alpha (), beta
(), and gamma ().
The Nucleus: Alpha
Scattering Experiment
The Nucleus: Alpha
Scattering Experiment
The result of his experiment showed
that
Most of the particles passed through
undeflected.
A few passed through with large
angles of defection.
A few bounced back is the direction
from which they came.
The Nucleus:
Gold Foil Experiment
Atomic Number: Definition
The ATOMIC NUMBER (nuclear
charges) represents the number of
unit positive charges on the nucleus
and is equal to the number of
protons in the nucleus since each
proton carries a (+) charge.
Atomic Number:
Distinction
This number, not the atomic mass
that distinguishes one element from
another.
Atomic Number:
Conclusion
Since an atom is electrically
neutral, it must have many
electrons as it has protons.
Therefore, the atomic number also
indicates the number of electrons is
the neutral atom under
consideration.
Mass Number: Definition
The mass number of an atom is the
total number of neutrons and
protons (nucleons) in the nucleus of
an atom.
It follows that the mass number
minus the number of protons
equals the number of neutrons.
Mass Number: Calculation
Mass number = number of neutrons +
atomic number
Nuclide: Definition
A Nuclide, a specific type of atom,
is designated by using the chemical
symbol for the element with atomic
number placed at the lower left
corner of the symbol and the mass
number placed at the upper left
corner.
Nuclide: Example

12
C
6
Mass number is 12
Atomic Number is 6
Isotopes
ISOTOPES are atoms of a given
element which differ in atomic
mass but which have the same
nuclear charge (atomic number ).

Isotopes
Isotopes have very similar chemical
properties. For example, chlorine
atoms are of two types:




35
Cl
17
and
37
Cl
17

The atomic compositions of
these isotopes are:
p n e
35
Cl
17

17 18 17
37
Cl
17

17 20 17
Isotopes
Each has 17 protons and 17
electrons; however,
35
Cl has 18
neutrons and
37
Cl has 20 neutrons.
Isotopes, therefore, differ in the
number of neutrons in the nucleus.
Atomic Weights
The weight of this isotope is
arbitrarily defined as exactly 12
atomic weights units and the
masses all other atoms are
compared with it.
Therefore:
1 amu (or atomic mass unit) is
defined as one-twelfth the mass of
the nuclide
12
C
6
.

Atomic Weights
Rel. At. Wt. = (% abundance x
isotopic weight)
Consider the natural isotopes of
chlorine:
Isotopic Weights Isotopic Abundance
35.0 amu 75.4%
37.0 amu 24.6%

Law of definite proportion or
definite composition
a. 103 g of copper carbonate 53 g of copper
+ 40 g oxygen + 10 g carbon
b. 10 g of lead + 1.56 g sulfur 11.56 g of lead sulfide
10.00 g lead + 3.00 g sulfur 11.56 g of lead sulfide +
1.44 g sulfur ( leftover)
Any sulfur in excess of 1.56 g was a leftover, unreacted.
18.00 g of lead + 1.56 g of sulfur 11.56 g of lead
sulfide + 8.00 g of lead ( leftover)
Law of Multiple Proportion
This states that when two elements
combine to form more than one
compound, the masses of one element
which combined with fixed mass of the
other elements are in ratio of small whole
number such as 1:1,2:1,2:3
Law of Multiple Proportion
CO
2
when decomposed has 32 g of oxygen for
every 12 g of carbon
CO when decomposed has 16 g of oxygen for
every 12 g of carbon.
The ratio of the amounts of oxygen in
carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide is 16
to 23 or 1:2
Law of Combining Weights
States that the proportions by weight
when chemical reactions take place can
be expressed in terms of small integral
multiplies of fixed numbers called
combining weight.
There are two ways to solve for the
combining weight of an element
1. From the given percentage composition of
the compound or the given weights of the
elements.
2. From the known atomic weight and its
valence.
Example
1. The composition of magnesium oxide is 40% O
and 60% Mg. What is the combining weight of
magnesium?
Solution: Make a proportion as:
% of elements or
weight of element = % or weight of oxygen
combining weight 8
of the element

Example
In case Hydrogen is given in the problem, use 1
instead of 8.
weight of Mg = % or weight of oxygen
combining weight 8
of Mg
60 = 40
X 8
X = 12 ( combining weight of magnesium) or from
the atomic weight and the valence of the
element


Example
X = 12 ( combining weight of magnesium) or from
the atomic weight and the valence of the
element:
COMBINING WEIGHT = atomic weight
valence
24/ 2 = 12




Example
163.45 grams of zinc liberated 5 grams of hydrogen
from sulfuric acid. What is the combining weight of
zinc?

weight of zinc = weight of H
combining weight 1
of zinc
163.45 = 5
X 1
X = 32.69
Problem 1
A 0.832-g sample of magnesium is
heated with 1.872 g of nitrogen gas.
All the magnesium is used up;1.152
g of magnesium nitride , however,
is the only product.
a. What is the mass in grams of
nitrogen that remains unreacted?
Problem 1
A 0.832-g sample of magnesium is
heated with 1.872 g of nitrogen gas.
All the magnesium is used up;1.152
g of magnesium nitride , however,
is the only product.
b. What is the mass in grams of
nitrogen that is consumed?
Problem 1
A 0.832-g sample of magnesium is
heated with 1.872 g of nitrogen gas.
All the magnesium is used up;1.152
g of magnesium nitride , however,
is the only product.
c. What is the proportion of
magnesium in magnesium nitride?
Problem 1
A 0.832-g sample of magnesium is
heated with 1.872 g of nitrogen gas.
All the magnesium is used up;1.152
g of magnesium nitride , however,
is the only product.
d. What is the proportion of nitrogen
( consumed or combined nitrogen)
in magnesium nitride?
Problem 1
A 0.832-g sample of magnesium is
heated with 1.872 g of nitrogen gas.
All the magnesium is used up;1.152
g of magnesium nitride , however,
is the only product.
e. What is the proportion of
magnesium to nitrogen in
magnesium nitride?
Problem 1
A 0.832-g sample of magnesium is
heated with 1.872 g of nitrogen gas.
All the magnesium is used up;1.152
g of magnesium nitride , however,
is the only product.
f. What is the composition of
magnesium nitride?
Problem 2
Using the data in Example 1
a. Compute for the weight of
magnesium and nitrogen in 32.682
g of magnesium nitride.
b. Determine the weight of
magnesium nitride formed from the
reaction of 5.628 g Mg and excess
nitrogen.
Problem 2
c. Find the weight of magnesium
nitride formed from the reaction of
5.628 g magnesium and 1.283 g
nitrogen.
Give the molecular
formula
1. Give the molecular or formula
mass of each compound
a. Asbestos, Mg (Si
4
O
10
)(OH)
8

b. Urea, CO(NH
2
)
2
c. Iron Rust, Fe
2
O
3


d. Chalk, CaCO
3


e. Ruby, Sapphire, Al
2
O
3
Isobars
Atoms may also have the same
mass numbers but different atomic
numbers.
214
Pb
82
and
214
Bi
83



These set of atoms do not have the
same properties because they are
not atoms of the same element
These are called ISOBARS.