Van Duzen River below Yager Creek

cevni aiY (Type of flow) t cevn cavbZ `yB aibi nZ cvi tf~Mf cvwb cevn I Dby LvZ cvwb cevn| f~Mf cvwb cevnt 1.m cevn, 2.Am cevn, 3.evcb cevn I 4. KYv ev MwUf cevn| Dby LvZ cvwb cevnt Drcw I ewki Dci wfw Ki cevnK wbg wjwLZ kYxZ fvM Kiv hvq| cevni kYxt wi cevn, Awi cevn, mylg cevn, Amg cevn, ckv cevn, ` Z cevn, AwZ` Z cevn, wiZ cevn I we z cevn|

Zij c`v_ me`v Xvj eq wbPi w`K cevwnZ nq| GB cevni AbZg KviY gavKlY kw| Zij c`v_i Dci _K wbP Pjv ev vb cwieZb K cevn ej | 1885 mvj nbix Wvimx bvgK GKRb nvBWvwjK Bw wbqvi Dby i cvwbi cevn wbq MelYv Pvjvb| wZwb Dby Xvj wbPi w`K gavKlY kw viv Zij c`v_i vb cwieZb K cevn ej AwfwnZ KiQb| Ab fve ejv hvq cvwb KYvi Af ixY mvjbB nQ cevn|

wi cevn (Steady Flow)

dv !0 dt
GLvb d= cevn ii MfxiZv, v = MwZeM, t = mgq|

d d1 d2 d3

v v v

Awi cevn (Unsteady Flow)

dv {0 dt
d1 d2 d3

GLvb d= cevn ii MfxiZv, v = MwZeM, t = mgq|

v d v1 v2 v3 Awi cn ev

the Navarro River, at Hendy Woods State Park,

mylg cevn (UniformFlow)

dv !0 ds

dv !0 dn
s = Xvj|

GLvb d= MfxiZv, v = MwZeM, n = cevni w`K,

v d d1 d2 d3 v1 v2 v3 m g cn l y ev

Manning equation

where v = average flow velocity n = Manning roughness coefficient r = hydraulic radius s = channel slope restricted to uniform flow: constant depth and velocity along some length of channel of constant cross-section and slope

Amg cevn (Non-uniform Flow)

dv {0 dn

dv {0 ds
s = Xvj|

GLvb d= MfxiZv, v = MwZeM, n = cevni w`K,

v d1 v1 d d2 v2 d3 v3 A g n

Awi cevn I Amg cevn Athabasca b`x,

Alberta.

ckv cevn (Tranquil Flow) dW b^iK Fr viv cKvk Kiv

Fr !
D = MfxiZv

V Dg

V = MwZeM g = gavKlY

kw | dW b^i Fr Gi gvb 1 _K Kg nj ZvK ckv cevn e

Interpretation F<1 subcritical or tranquil flow deep & slow flow F=1 critical flow F>1 supercritical or rapid flow shallow and fast flow

` Z cven (Rapid Flow)

AwZ`Z cevn (Ultra Rapid

Flow)

Qwet AwZ`Z cevn, Paran b`x

wiZ cevn (Laminar Flow)

Reynold Number

NR

VR V Q

hLbV = average velocity of flow; = mass density of the fluid. R = hydraulic radius = viscosity. NR = Reynold Number. Reynold Number Gi gvb 500 _K Kg nj ZvK wiZ cevn ej| Reynold Number Gi gvb 500 _K ekx nj ZvK we z cevn ej|

the Nile River across from the ancient city of Thebes

the Salmon River during the 1964 flood

3) Reynolds Number provides an approximate measure of flow conditions Re<500 = laminar flow Re>2000 = turbulent flow Re = v x r x r/m where: v = average flow velocity r = hydraulic radius r = density of water m = viscosity

1. F = v / sqrt(g x d) where: v = average flow velocity g = acceleration due to gravity d = average depth 2. Interpretation F<1 subcritical or tranquil flow deep & slow flow F=1 critical flow F>1 supercritical or rapid flow shallow and fast flow

Lewiston Dam on the Trinity River,

El Chorro del Indio, San Cristobal