MEL1

MEL 411:
virne_dalisay@yahoo.com
The course involves the study and measurements of the properties of liquid fuels. It deals with the measurement fuels pressure, temperature level, flow, speed, weight, area, volume, viscosity, steam quality and products of combustion. It also includes the study and analysis of fuels and lubricants.
VISCOSITY - the fluid resistance to shear or flow - a measure of the adhesive/cohesive or frictional fluid property APPLICATION: - needed for proper design of required temperatures for storage, pumping or injection of fluids
TWO RELATED MEASURES OF FLUID VISCOSITY ABSOLUTE (DYNAMIC) VISCOSITY - is a measure of the internal resistance - is the tangential force per unit area required to move one horizontal plane with respect to the other at unit velocity when maintained a unit distance apart by the fluid
Formula: = where: shearing stress dynamic viscosity dc/dy
The above equation is known as, Newtons Law of friction UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS SI system N-s/m2 Pa-s kg/m-s CGS system
g/cm-s
dyne - s/cm2 poise (p)
Conversion: 1 poise = dyne-s/cm2 = g/cm-s = 1/10 Pa-s = 100 cp (centipoise) Constant: absolute viscosity of water (68.4F = 20.2C) = 1 cp
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY - is the ratio of absolute or dynamic viscosity to the mass density of fuels Formula: =
where:
- kinematic viscosity - absolute or dynamic viscosity - density
SI system m2/s Stoke (St) 1 St = 10-4 m2/s = 100 cSt (centistokes) 1 cSt = 10-6 m2/s Constant: kinematic viscosity of water (68.4oF) - for all practical purposes = 1.0 cSt.
Other Commonly used Viscosity Units Saybolt Universal Seconds (SSU) - is used to measure viscosity
- The efflux time is Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) required for 60
milliliters of a petroleum product to flow through the calibrated orifice of a Saybolt Universal viscometer Relationship of kinematic and dynamic viscosity = 4.63 / SG
where: v kinematic viscosity, SSU
dynamic viscosity, Cp SG specific gravity
VISCOSITY OF COMMON LIQUIDS

Typical liquid Water (20oC) Milk SAE 20 Crankcase Oil SAE 75 Gear Oil # 4 FUEL OIL SAE 30 crankcase oil SAE 85 GEAR OIL SAE 90 GEAR OIL SAE 140 GEAR OIL SAE 250 GEAR OIL Saybolt SecondUniversal (SSU) 31 40 centiStokes (cSt) 1 4.3
80 500
15.7 110
1000 2000 5000
220 440 1100
Problem: Calculate the absolute viscosity of air at 1 bar and 40C, kinematic viscosity of 16.97 cSt. Given: P = 1 bar T = 40C cSt = 16.97 Solution: =p/RT = (105 N/m2) / ((287 J/kg/K) (273 oC + 33 0C) = 1.113 kg/m3 Absolute viscosity is, = (1.113 kg/m3) (16.97 10-6 m2/s) = 1.88 10-5 kg/m s
Convert kinematic viscosity from SSU to cSt. = 0.226 SSU < 100
cSt SSU
- 195 /
SSU
= 0.220 SSU > 100

cSt
SSU
- 135 /
SSU
For liquids - viscosity decreases with temperature for gases viscosity increases with temperature
Problem Find the specific gravity of a fuel oil which has a gravity of 28 API. Solution API = (141.5/SG) 131.5 SG = 141.5 / (API + 131.5) = 0.887
FUELS ALCOHOL, 96% BUTANE DIESEL ETHANOL ETHER GASOLINE HYDROGEN METHANE PETROL PETROLEUM PROPANE 30,000 49,510 44,800 29,700 43,000 47,300 141,790 55,530 48,000 43,000 50,350
GROSS CALORIFIC VALUE KJ/kg BTU/lb 20,900 19,300 12,800 20,400 61,000
FUELS NATURAL GAS PROPANE METHANE BUTANE METHANOL ETHANOL KEROSENE FUEL OIL # 2 FUEL OIL # 4 FUEL OIL # 6 GASOLINE 1,030 2,500 1,000 3,200
GROSS CALORIFIC VALUE BTU/cu.ft 92,500 130,000 57,000 76,000 135,000 138,500 145,000 153,000 125,000 BTU/gal
Problem Determine the minimum volume of fuel day tank required for an engine of 28 API fuel having a fuel consumption rate of 310 kg/hr. Given: mf = 310 kg/hr API = 28 Requirement: Vtank (minimum)
Formula Vtank =Vfuel Vfuel = mass fuel/density of fuel density of fuel = SG15.6 C (density water) SG15.6 C = 141.5 /(131.5 + 28) = 0.887 density of fuel = 0.887 (1000 kg/cu.m) = 887 kg/cu.m Vfuel = 310 kg/hr / 887 kg/cu.m = 8.38 cu.m
BOARD WORK
Problem A cylindrical tank made of steel is 6 ft long and 1.5 m in diameter. An engine has fuel rate consumption of 1000 g/min at 27 API fuel specific gravity. Determine the number of days the tank can supply the engine? Given mfuel = 1000 g/min API = 27 h = 6 ft d = 1.5 m Requirement No.of days
BOARD WORK
Solution Vfuel = mfuel/density fuel Vf = Vt = 3.23 cu.m
density fuel = SG 15.6 C (density water) = 0.893 (1000 kg/cu.m) = 893 kg/cu.m Vfuel = 60 kg/hr / 893 kg/cu.m = 0.067 cu.m/hr # of hrs = 3.23 cu.m / 0.067 cu.m/hr = 48.21 hrs # of days = 2 days
Hydrometer - a device used for measuring some characteristics of a liquid such as its density and specific gravity.
Application The device consist of a weighted, sealed, and longnecked glass tube that is immersed in the liquid being measured (www.britannica.com).

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MEL 411:

Formula: = where: shearing stress dynamic viscosity dc/dy

- kinematic viscosity - absolute or dynamic viscosity - density

dynamic viscosity, Cp SG specific gravity

VISCOSITY OF COMMON LIQUIDS

1000 2000 5000

220 440 1100

= 0.220 SSU > 100

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