By Ms.

Sangeeta Saini

GPS i.e. Global Positioning System, is the only system today which is able to show you your exact position on the Earth anytime, in any weather, anywhere. The three parts of GPS are: `Satellites `Receivers/ Software `Ground Control

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Satellite-based radio positioning systems that provide 24 hour 3D position, velocity and time information to suitably equipped users anywhere on or near the surface of the Earth A system of satellites and receiving devices used to compute positions on the Earth GPS satellites transmit signal at frequencies L1 =1576.42MHz and L2= 1227.6 MHz modulated with two types of code ( P- Code and C/A code) with navigation message.

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NAVSTAR (US) GLONASS (Russia) Galileo (EU)

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NAVigation System for Timing and Ranging: Global Positioning System Operated by US DoD, Fully operational from 8th Dec 1993 Consists of 24 32 Satellites orbiting earth (+ 4 spare) In 6 orbital planes At an altitude of 20,180 km

GLObal Navigation Satellite System

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Operated by Russian Federation Ministry of Defense Consists of 24 Satellite Orbiting in 3 planes (8 in each) Altitude 19,130 km

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Operated by ESA (European Space Agency) Operational from 2011 Will consists of 27 active and 3 spare satellites In 3 orbital planes (10 satellites in each plane) Altitude 23,616 km

The basic component of a communications satellite is a receiver-transmitter combination called a transponder. A satellite stays in orbit because the gravitational pull of the earth is balanced by the centripetal force of the revolving satellite. Satellite orbits about the earth are either circular or elliptical.

Satellites orbit the earth from heights of 100 to 22,300 miles and travel at speeds of 6800 to 17,500 mi/h. A satellite that orbits directly over the equator 22,300 miles from earth is said to be in a geostationary orbit. Geostationary (GEO) satellite: revolves in synchronism with the earths rotation, so it appears to be stationary when seen from points on the earth.

Only some of the satellites have circular orbits. Others have elliptical orbits. These orbits have further classifiers: Apogee Perigee

Perigee: point on orbit when satellite is closest to earth. Apogee: point on orbit when satellite is farthest from earth.

A satellite is stabilized in orbit by spinning it on its axis or building in spinning flywheels for each major axis (roll, pitch, yaw). Altitude adjustments on a satellite are made by firing small jet thrusters to change the satellites position or speed. Satellites are launched into orbit by rockets that give them vertical as well as forward motion.

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All satellites have a metal or composite frame and body, usually known as the bus. The bus holds everything together in space and provides enough strength to survive the launch. They have a source of power (usually solar cells) and batteries for storage. They have an onboard computer to control and monitor the different systems. They have a radio system and antenna. All satellites have an altitude control system. The ACS keeps the satellite pointed in the right direction.

GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit) satellites orbit about 36,000 km above Earths surface. LEO (Low Earth Orbit) satellites are about 5001500 km above earths surface. MEO (Medium EO) satellites are about 600020,000 km above earths surface. There are also HEO (Highly Elliptical Orbit) satellites.

LEO

GEO

Earth

1000 km 10,000 km HEO 35,768 km

MEO

N t ra

al

The majority of communications satellites are GEOs. These support voice, data, and video services, most often providing fixed services to a particular region. GEO systems are less complicated to maintain because fixed location requires relatively little tracking capability at ground. High orbital altitude allows GEOs to remain in orbit longer than systems operating closer to earth.

These characteristics, along with their high bandwidth capacity, may provide a cost advantage over other system types. However, their more distant orbit also requires relatively large terrestrial antennae and highpowered equipment and are subject to delays.

Typical LEO satellite takes less than 2 hours to orbit the Earth, which means that a single satellite is "in view" of ground equipment for a only a few minutes. If transmission takes more than few minutes that any one satellite is in view, a LEO system must "hand off" between satellites to complete the transmission. Handoffs can be accomplished by relaying signals between satellite and various ground stations, or by communicating between satellites themselves using "inter-satellite links." LEO systems designed to have more than 1 satellite in view from any spot on earth at any given time.

LEO systems must incorporate sophisticated tracking and switching equipment to maintain consistent service coverage. Advantages: very little delay, operate using smaller equipment (because signals travel shorter distance), etc. Disadvantages: highly complex and sophisticated control and switching systems, shorter life span (subject to greater gravitational pull and higher transmission rates lead to shorter battery life).

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MEOs are in between a GEO and a LEO. Advantages/Disadvantages are also in between: PRO: MEO systems will require far fewer satellites than LEOs, reducing overall system complexity and cost, while still requiring fewer technological fixes to eliminate signal delay than GEOs. CON: MEO satellites, like LEOs, have a much shorter life expectancy than GEOs, requiring more frequent launches to maintain system over time.

Elliptical orbit causes satellite to move around earth faster when it is traveling close to earth and slower the farther away it gets. Satellites beam covers more of earth from farther away. Orbits are designed to maximize amount of time each satellite spends in view of populated areas. Delay characteristics depend on where the satellite is in its orbit. Several of proposed global communications satellite systems actually are hybrids of the four varieties reviewed above.

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Weather satellites help meteorologists predict the weather or see what's happening at the moment. The satellites generally contain cameras that can return photos of Earth's weather. Communications satellites allow telephone and data conversations to be relayed through the satellite. Broadcast satellites broadcast television signals from one point to another (similar to communications satellites). Scientific satellites perform a variety of scientific missions. The Hubble Space Telescope is the most famous scientific satellite, but there are many others looking at everything from sun spots to gamma rays. Navigational satellites help ships and planes navigate, e.g., GPS.

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Rescue satellites respond to radio distress signals. Earth observation satellites observe the planet for changes in everything from temperature to forestation to ice-sheet coverage. Military satellites are up there, but much of the actual application information remains secret

Satellite launches don't always go well; there is a great deal at stake. The cost of satellites and launches to name one. For example, a recent hurricane-watch satellite mission cost $290 million. A missile-warning satellite cost $682 million. A satellite launch can cost anywhere between $50 million and $400 million. Russian launches are generally the cheapest and the French launches are the most expensive. A shuttle mission pushes toward half a billion dollars (a shuttle mission could easily carry several satellites into orbit).

SPACE SEGMENT

USER SEGMENT

Monitor stations
Diego Garcia Ascension Island Kwajalein Hawaii

GPS Control
Colorado Springs

GROUND CONTROL SEGMENT

24+ satellites 6 planes with 55 inclination Each plane has 4-5 satellites Broadcasting position and time info on 2 frequencies Constellation has spares Very high orbit 20,180 km 1 revolution in approximately 12 hrs Travel approx. 7,000mph Considerations Accuracy Survivability Coverage

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Located at Falcon AFB in Colorado Springs, Colorado It is responsible for overall management of the remote monitoring and transmission sites. It calculates any position or clock errors for each individual satellite, based on information received from the monitor stations, Orders the ground antennas to relay requisite corrective information back to satellites Each of the monitor stations checks the exact altitude, position, speed, and overall health of the orbiting satellites. The control segment uses measurements collected by the monitor stations to predict the behavior of each satellite's orbit and clock. The prediction data is up-linked, or transmitted, to the satellites for transmission back to the users.

The control segment also ensures that the GPS satellite orbits and clocks remain within acceptable limits. A station can track up to 11 satellites at a time. This "check-up" is performed twice a day, by each station, as the satellites complete their journeys around the earth. Noted variations, such as those caused by the gravity of the moon, sun and the pressure of solar radiation, are passed along to the master control station.

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Over $19 Billion invested by DoD Dual Use System Since 1985 (civil & military) Civilian community was quick to take advantage of the system Hundreds of receivers on the market 3 billion in sales, double in 2 years 95% of current users DoD/DoT Executive Board sets GPS policy

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All satellites have clocks set to exactly the same time. All satellites know their exact position in space from data sent to them from the systems controllers. Each satellite transmits its position and a time signal. The signals travel to the receiver delayed only by distance traveled. The receiver calculates the distance to each satellite and trilaterates its own position.

Each GPS satellite transmits data that indicates its location and the current time. All GPS satellites synchronize operations so that these repeating signals are transmitted at the same instant.

Physically the signal is just a complicated digital code, or in other words, a complicated sequence of on and off pulses.

Measuring the distance from a satellite

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Done by measuring travel time of radio signals

The GPS receiver compares the time a signal was transmitted by a satellite with the time it was received. The time difference tells the GPS receiver how far away the satellite is.

Velocity x Time = Distance

Radio waves travel at the speed of light, roughly 186,000 miles per second (mps) If it took 0.06 seconds to receive a signal transmitted by a satellite floating directly overhead, use this formula to find your distance from the satellite. 186,000 mps x 0.06 seconds = 11,160 miles

Geometric Principle: You can find one location if you know its distance from other, already-known locations.

Latitude and Longitude are spherical coordinates on the surface of the earth. Latitude is measured North or South of the Equator. Longitude is measured East or West of Greenwich. GPS uses Latitudes and Longitudes to reference locations.

Waypoints are locations or landmarks that can be stored in your GPS. Waypoints may be defined and stored in the unit manually by inputting latitude and longitude from a map or other reference. Or more usually, waypoints may be Direction of waypoint entered directly by Your taking a reading with the Waypoint location unit at the location itself, Date Latitude and giving it a name, and and Longitude Time then saving the point.

GPS units collect data in:

Points Lines Areas

These are called features. A data dictionary is a means by which we collect specific information about a data feature.

A roving file is like a drawer of a filing cabinet containing many feature files.

Collect all the features collected in one interval in one roving file.

Land, Sea and Air Navigation and Tracking Surveying/ Mapping Military Applications Recreational Uses

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Police and Emergency Medical Services Firefighters Map makers Science

100 meters: Accuracy of the original GPS system under the government-imposed Selective Availability (SA) program. (turned off 5/1/2000) 15 meters: Typical GPS position accuracy without SA. < 3 meters: Typical WAAS position accuracy.

Multipath
Use a ground plane on antenna Move away from multipath source

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Receiver Channel noise

Use a different GPS receiver

2-D fix with a bad altitude

Use Manual 3D when collecting data

High PDOP (Position Dilution of Precision)

Wait for the geometry to change

GPS satellites use Atomic Clocks for accuracy, but because of the expense, most GPS receivers do not.

Line of sight is the ability to draw a straight line between two objects without any other objects getting in the way. GPS transmission are line-of-sight transmissions.

Obstructions such as trees, buildings, or natural formations may prevent clear line of sight.

Sometimes the GPS signal from the satellite doesnt follow a straight line. Refraction is the bending of light as it travels through one media to another.

Signals from satellites can be like light. When they hit some interference (air patterns in the atmosphere, uneven geography, etc.) they sometimes bend a little.

Sometimes the signals bounce off things before they hit the receivers.

When the satellites are all in the same part of the sky, readings will be less accurate.

PDOP = Positional Dilution of Precision

All of this combines to make the signal less accurate, and gives it what we call a high PDOP.

11,000 miles 11,000 miles 11,000 miles

11,000 miles

A P A P A P

P of <4 is excellent P of 4-8 is good P of >8 is poor

Differential correction is a technique that greatly increases the accuracy of the collected GPS data. It involves using a receiver at a known location - the "base station- and comparing that data with GPS positions collected from unknown locations with "roving receivers."
ISU Base Station - http://134.50.65.125/

Before

After

Apply estimated corrections

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Ionosphere Troposphere

The signals are delayed by the ionosphere and troposphere Receiver makes estimated corrections for these delays

U.S Government can (and does!) degrade the accuracy

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Largest source of error in GPS To prevent hostile forces from using GPS to full accuracy By introducing intentional errors in timing signals and/or satellite ephemeris S A was removed on 02.05.2000

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Ionospheric effects 5 meters Tropospheric effects 0.5 meter Ephemeris errors 2.5 meters Satellite clock errors 2 meters Multipath distortion 1 meter