Muscle

Three types of muscle:

smooth
cardiac
skeletal
All muscles require ATP to produce movement.
Thus, muscles are chemotransducers
$eletal Muscle
Muscle organization
Muscle innervation
Architecture and structure
Excitation-contraction
Fiber type characteristics
Training adaptations
Exam 1 (Feb 8)
$eletal muscle organization
Connective tissue
layers
Epimysium
Perimeysium
Endomysium
Muscle fiber covering
Sarcolemma
basement membrane
plasma membrane
Plasma membrane has
membrane receptors
ion channels
integrins
satellite cells
multinuclei
Muscle Architecture
Effect on force output and
shortening velocity
MuscIe Architecture
Muscle
architecture
Muscle Architecture
Parallel Unipennation Multipennation
Pennation: Effect on Physiological Cross-
sectional Area (PC$A)
reater PCSA when fiber is at angle to
line of force
A
B
A
Pennation: Effect on Force and
$hortening Distance/Velocity
Equal number of sarcomeres in both examples, but Fiber A has
longer fiber and smaller PSFA than Fiber B, which allows for
greater shortening distance/velocity at sacrifice of force.
Fiber A
Fiber B
dentify which muscles
are best suited for
force; for speed
A B C D
Muscle Architecture
quadriceps and planter flexors designed
for force production
larger pennation angles
large PCSAs
hamstrings and dorsiflexors designed
for velocity
smaller pennation angles
intermediate PCSAs
Muscle Architecture
Summary
Muscles designed to fit purpose of joint
Muscles designed for velocity have longer fiber
length and small pennation angle
Muscles designed for force have shorter fiber
length and larger pennation angle
#eview questions
1. Describe the difference between a muscle with
a fusiform architecture and one with a uni- or
multipennate architecture. dentify a muscle
for each type of architecture.
2. Discuss how muscle architecture affects force
output and shortening velocity. Provide a
general explanation as to why some muscles
are designed more for rapid shortening velocity
(e.g. hamstrings) or higher force output (e.g.
quadriceps muscles).
Muscle nnervation
Motoneurons, neuromuscular
junctions, motor units
Motoneurons
muscle fibers
innervated by large
(alpha) myelinated
nerves
motoneurons originate
from spinal cord
nerve ending ends at
neuromuscular
junction
motor unit composed
of motor neuron and
all the fibers it
innervates
Action Potential
depolarization influx of Na
+
repolarization efflux of K
+
refractory period hyperpolarization
threshold level minimal stimulus required
to elicit response
muscle and nerve follow "all or nothing
principle
Na
+
channel
K
+
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+
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+
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M
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p
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+20
0
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Time (ms)
ATP
Pi
ADP
ATPase
intracellular
K
+
channel
Na
+
-K
+
exchange pump
euromuscular Junction
Electromyography (EMG)
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Describe the relative weights being lifted
#eview questions
1. Define the motor unit.
2. Describe the events that occur as an action
potential approaches the nerve terminal.
3. Explain the purpose of acetylcholinesterase
and the consequences of its absence.
4. A common agent found in flea powders is a
low dose of an antiacetylcholinesterase
inhibitor. Explain the effects that the flea
powder would have on fleas.
5. Explain the interpretation of an EM tracing.
$arcomere $tructure
$eletal Muscle $tructure
Cross-$ectional View of $eletal Muscle (X40)
$eletal Muscle $tructure
sarcomeres (smallest functional unit) are
linked end-to-end to form myofibrils
myofibrils are bunched to form fibers
sarcomeres are composed of thick and
thin filaments
Scanning EM

Thic Filament
composed of numerous myosin protein
strands
flexible "heads protrude outward all
around filament (except center)
myosin heads attach to "active sites on
actin (thin) filament
myosin heads contain ATPase to break
down ATP
Myosin
filament
Myosin Filament
Thin Filament
actin - two protein strands twisted around
each other, contain "active sites
tropomyosin - thin strand laying in actin
groove that covers active sites
troponin - attached to actin and
tropomyosin strands; has strong affinity
for Ca
2+
Composed of three proteins
Thin Filament
Cytoseleton (structural) proteins
M-band located in middle of thick filament;
provides structural support to myosin filaments;
contains creatine kinase (CK)
Titan connects myosin filament to Z-disk;
stabilizes myosin in middle of sarcomere.
Z-disk thin filaments attachment; composed of
several cytoskeletal proteins
Actin-myosin
orientation
Transverse Tubule
in human skeletal muscle, each
sarcomere has two transverse tubules
running perpendicular to fiber
T-tubules extend through fiber and have
openings at sarcolemma allowing
communication with plasma
cardiac fibers have only one T-tubule
which lies at Z-line
$arcoplasmic #eticulum ($#)
made up of terminal cisternae and
longitudinal tubules
serves as a storage depot for Ca
2+
terminal cisternae abut T-tubules
longitudinal tubules cover myofibrils and
connect terminal cisternae
1. n what component does Ca
2+
bind to?
a. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
b. Myosin heads
c. Troponin
d. Tropomyosin
2. What protein returns Ca
2+
to the sarcoplasmic
reticulum?
a. Myosin head
b. Ca
2+
pump
c. Ca
2+
channels
d. tropomyosin
#eview questions
1. Describe the myosin filament of a skeletal
muscle fiber. nclude a detailed description
and function of the myosin head.
2. Describe the thin filament of a skeletal muscle
fiber.
3. Describe the cytoskeleton proteins and their
functions in the sarcomere.
4. Describe the sarcoplasmic reticulum and its
role in excitation-contraction.
Excitation-Contraction
ow muscle contracts
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
action potentials, generated at neuromuscular
junction travel around sarcolemma and
through T-tubules
T-tubules signal SR to release Ca
2+
into
sarcoplasm (cytosol)
Ca
2+
saturates troponin (in non-fatigued state)
troponin undergoes conformational change
that lifts tropomyosin away from actin filament
E-C Coupling (cont.)
myosin head attaches to active site on actin
filament
after attaching to actin, myosin head moves actin-
myosin complex forward and releases ADP and Pi
ATP binds with myosin head, which releases actin,
and returns to original position
in resting state, myosin head contains partially
hydrolyzed ATP (ADP and Pi)
E-C Coupling $chematic
E-C Coupling (cont.)
entire cycle takes ~50 ms although myosin
heads are attached for ~2 ms
a single cross-bridge produces 3-4 pN and
shortens 10 nm
as long as action potentials continue, Ca
2+
will continue to be released
when action potentials cease, SR Ca
2+
pumps return Ca
2+
ceasing contractions
skeletal motor units follow "all or nothing"
principle
citation-Contraction
1. AP causes vesicles to
release Ach
2. Muscle AP travels down t-
tubules
3. SR releases Ca
2+
into
sarcoplasm
4. Ca
2+
binds to troponin
5. Myosin heads bind to actin;
mysoin ATPase splits ATP
6. ATP binds to myosin heat;
releases from actin
7. Crossbridge action continues
while Ca
2+
is present
8. When AP stops, Ca
2+
pumped back to SR
9. Tropomyosin covers active
sites
EC Coupling
OuickTime Novie of sliding filaments
- http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/movies/actin_myosin.html
- Click on Link
- Click on Actin Nyosin Crossbridge 3D Animation
. What will happen if ATP is depleted in muscle?
a. Nothing
b. Muscle will relax
c. Muscle will not relax
4. What will happen if sarcoplasmic reticulum of
fiber is enhanced?
a. Fiber will develop tension more quickly
b. Fiber will relax more quickly
c. Nothing
d. Both a and b will occur
#eview questions
1. Discuss the signaling process of the T-tubules
that leads to Ca
2+
release by the sarcoplasmic
reticulum.
2. Describe ATP hydrolysis by the myosin
filament.
3. Discuss factors that could affect the rate of
ATP hydrolysis by the myosin head as well as
factors that affect tension development.
$eletal Muscle Fiber Types
generally categorized by histochemical criteria
innervating nerve is primary determinant of fiber
type
motor units composed of homogenous fibers
all human muscles contain mixture of three
general fiber types
slow twitch (ST, oxidative, red, Type )
fast twitch (FTa, fast-oxidative, white, Type a)
fast twitch (FTb, glycolytic, white, Type x [often called
b])
stained for myosin ATPase (p = 10.3)
(dar stained)
stained for myosin ATPase (p = 4.3)
(light stained)
stained for SD
(dar stained)
Type x
Type
Type a
Muscle Twitch Characteristics
frontalis/orbicularis oculi
(15% ST)
first dorsal interosseous
(57% ST)
soleus (80% ST)
extensor digitorum brevis
(60% ST)
Fiber Type Characteristics
size of motoneuron
size of muscle fibers
amount of SR
Ca
2+
-ATPase
myosin ATPase
aerobic capacity (amount of mitochondria)
anaerobic capacity (amount of glycolytic
enzymes)
Performance characteristics affected by:
e able to e5lain the differences in the force res5onses
between motor units.
Fiber Type Performance Characteristics
(absolute & relative) force output
time-to-peak tension
relaxation time
shortening velocity
fatigability
Compare fiber types responses for the following
AND provide a reason for your response:
. Which fiber reaches pea tension most quicly?
a. Type
b. Type a
c. Type x
6. What is the reasoning for your response to Q?
a. faster myosin ATPase
b. more Ca
2+
channels
c. more Ca
2+
pumps
d. faster action potentials
e. none of the above are correct
Exam 1 Thu, Feb 8
Begin preparing for exam NOW!
Use posted learning objectives as basis for studying
Read text to clarify material
nitially, study by self, then study with cIassmates
"Teach each other course material; question
accuracy/completeness of other's explanations
See me if questions remain
You may start the exam at 7:45 am
Bring the medium-sized RED scoring sheet (sheet that enables
you to bubble in your name)
Motor Unit
#ecruitment
Pattern $ize
Principle
"uiz 1
1. c
2. b
3. e
4. b
5. No ATP available for
myosin head to detach
from actin.
6. c
7. d
8. a
9. a
10. ST fibers have less SR,
thus Ca
2+
release and
uptake are slower.
11. c
12. a
13. e
14. Force was decreasing.
15. Decreasing EM
represents decreasing
motor unit recruitment.
Muscle Movements
isotonic develops tension while changing
length
isoinetic resistance to muscle changes with
muscle length to ensure equal tension
development
isometric (static) develops tension but no
length change
concentric develops tension while shortening
eccentric develops tension while lengthening
Muscle Performance Characteristics
number of muscle fibers recruited
muscle architecture
angle of pull
length of fiber
velocity of shortening
load place on muscle
Force and power development dependent on:
ength-Tension #elationship
ength-Tension #elationship
ow sarcomere
length affects force
output
This explains the
length-tension
relationship
At which length would force output by the
biceps muscle be greatest?
a. When the arm is in full extension
b. When the arm is flexed at 90-100
c. When the arm is at full flexion
d. Strength (force) would be the same throughout the
entire range of motion
Force-Velocity
#elationship
ow would the EMG activity to a leg squat during
the lowering (eccentric) phase compare to the
upward (concentric) phase.
a. EM activity would be the same for both phases.
b. EM activity would be greater for the concentric phase.
c. EM activity would be greater for the eccentric phase.
EMG comparison of concentric
and eccentric actions
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Muscle Spindles (sensitive to stretch)
olgi
tendon
organs
(sensitive to
strain)
#esistance Training Adaptations
dependent on neural and physiological
adaptations
training specificity determines adaptations
$trength
Training
Adaptations
eural Adaptations
increased motor unit recruitment
decreased neural inhibition of motor unit
recruitment
decreased antagonist muscle recruitment
increased neural coordination
Muscle Fiber Adaptations
increased fiber size (both types)
increased hypertrophy (1)
increased hyperplasia (2)
occurs more to FT fibers than ST
little or no change of fiber types
testosterone explains only part of larger
muscle mass in males
ow does
1. an untrained individual increase strength?
2. a trained individual further increase
strength?
a. neuromuscular adaptations
b. hypertrophy
c. both neuromuscular adaptations and hypertrophy
Exercise-nduced Muscle Damage
and $oreness
diminishes performance
causes ultrastructure damage
initiates inflammatory reaction
causes delayed-onset muscular soreness
(DM$)
Unaccustomed exercise stimulates sequence
of events that:
Muscle Damage/#epair verview
damage occurs during lengthening
(eccentric) movements
damage commonly occurs to sarcolemma, Z-
disk (streaming), T-tubules/SR, myofibrils,
cytoskeleton
initial muscle damage followed by
inflammatory-induced damage
produces muscle swelling
affects FT fibers more than ST fibers
repair begins ~3 d post-exercise
Iine streaming
Muscle Fiber
Damage
$arcolemma damage
Exercise-nduced Muscle Damage
extent of injury more related to length than
force or velocity
weaker fibers become overstretched, which
become damaged (Morgan, 1990)
Proske & Morgan, J Physiol, 2001
Iastic fiIaments onIy Iinking thick fiIaments
AdditionaI eIastic eIement
When half of
sarcomere is over-
stretched, tension is
increased on
additional elastic
element, which
increases passive
tension.
Total tension is 80% of
maximal tension;
sarcomere is on
descending limb of
length-tension relation.
!o55ing-Sarcomere Hy5otheses
$tages of Muscle Damage
Mechanical (strain) damage results in:
sarcolemma damage
SR damage
myofibrillar damage
a
+
infIux
1. During exercise:
2. After exercise:
nflammatory response
causes:
Effects of Elevated intracellular Ca
2+
activates proteases
damages cytoskeleton
proteins
activates
phospholipases
generates free radicals
damages plasma
membranes
Acute Phase #esponse
Promotes clearance of damaged tissue and
initiates repair
circulating neutrophils (w/in 1-12 h) and
monocytes (w/in 1- d)
enters injury site and phagocytizes damaged
tissue
release cytotoxic factors (e.g., oxygen
radicals)
Typical Times of Pea Effects
Ultrastructural damage 3-d postexercise
DOMS 1-2 d postexercise
Effects of Eccentric Arm Curls
(on a scale of 0 to 6)
igure 1. Rating of !erceived Muscle Soreness
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Pre-exercise 1 d 2 d 3 d
#
!
M
S
igh responders
Mean
Low responders
Kolkhorst et al., ACSM, 2003
Effects of Eccentric Arm Curls
igure 2. Creatine kinase res5onse
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Pre Post 1 d 2 d 3 d

K

(
I
U
)
igh responders
Mean
Low responders
Kolkhorst et al., ACSM, 2003
CK from 60-min Downhill #unning
0
200
400
600
800
1000
pre 0 24 48 72
!ostexercise sampIing time (h)

K

(
I
U
)
Kolhorst, unpublished observations
Effects on Performance/$oreness
greater damage to FT fibers
prolonged strength loss
primary cause Ffailure of SR-Ca
2+
release
ultrastructure damage secondary cause of
strength loss
muscle swelling/DOMS
DOMS caused by tissue breakdown
products that sensitize pain receptors
Muscle #epair
macrophage infiltration required for activation
of satellite cells
satellite cells located between basement
membrane and plasma membrane
in response to signal from injury site, satellite
cells migrate to injury
differentiate into myoblasts, which fuse into
myotubes
Muscle repair
ImmediateIy after crush injury days
days
At d, damaged fibers have
undergone necrosis, with
digestion/removaI by
macrophages.
At d, severaI newIy formed
myotubes are visibIe.
At d, myotubes have
transformed into fibers, many of
which have Iinked up with fibers
stumps on either side.
Adaptation to Eccentric Exercise
adaptation occurs w/in 1 week
number of sarcomeres?
increases fiber length,
Allows sarcomere to work at shorter
lengths
"uiz 2
1. a
2. d
3. c
4. Maximal number of
cross-bridges occur at
this muscle length
5. b
6. c
7. f fiber contracts, it
develops its maximal
tension
8. Yes, but fibers develop
more tension during
eccentric movement
9. e
10. d
11. ncreased motor unit
recruitment
12. Measure EM during max
lift before and after training.
Post-training EM should
be greater.
13. e
14. c
15. d
Which type of activity would liely cause the
most severe DM$ or muscle damage?
a. level running (involves about half concentric
and half eccentric movements)
b. rowing exercise (involves mostly pulling
motion, a concentric movement)
c. running down stadium stairs (involves more
eccentric than concentric movements)
d. cycling (entirely concentric movements)
e. none of the above would cause DOMS
Eccentric exercise
a. causes the greatest damage at the shortest
muscle lengths.
b. causes the greatest damage to ST fibers.
c. initiates an inflammatory response that causes
further myofibril damage.
d. stimulates macrophage infiltration to the
damaged area, which is essential for muscle
repair.
e. both c and d are correct
The greater the load placed on a muscle during a
shortening movement, the _____ it can
shorten. This illustrates the _____ relationship
of seletal muscle mechanics.
a. slower; power-load
b. slower; length-tension
c. faster; length-tension
d. slower; force-velocity
e. faster; force-tension
According to the Force-Velocity relationship, how
does force output of a fiber when shortening
compare to when it is forced to lengthen?
a. force output is greater when it is allowed to shorten
b. force output is equal regardless of shortening or
lengthening
c. force output is less when it is allowed to shorten