FOURIER transform

Figures and images used in these lecture notes are adopted from Signals & Systems by Alan V. Oppenheim and Alan S. Willsky, 1997 And Data communications and networking by Forouzan 4th edition

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OUR HERO
Joseph Fourier (1768-1830)

In 1807, Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier Submitted a paper of using trigonometric series to represent any periodic signal It is examined by S.F. Lacroix, G. Monge, P.S. de Laplace, and J.L. Lagrange, But Lagrange rejected it! In 1822, Fourier published a book Theorie analytique de la chaleur The Analytical Theory of Heat
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Fouriers main contributions:

Studied vibration, heat diffusion, etc. Found series of harmonically related sinusoids to be useful in representing the temperature distribution through a body. Claimed that any periodic signal could be represented by such a series (i.e., Fourier series discussed) Obtained a representation for aperiodic signals (i.e., Fourier integral or transform)

(Fourier did not actually contribute to the mathematical theory of Fourier series)
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Impact from Fouriers work:

Theory of integration, point-set topology,eigenfunction expansions, etc.

Motion of planets,periodic behavior of the earths climate,wave in the ocean,radio & television stations
Harmonic time series in the 18th & 19th centuries Gauss etc. on discrete-time signals and systems Faster Fourier transform (FFT) in the mid-1960s

> Cooley & Tukey in 1965 discovered independently > Can be found in Gausss notebooks

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Analog and Digital Signals

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Periodic Signals

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Aperiodic Signals

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Frequency Change

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Phase Change

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What is a Fourier transform?

A function can be described by a summation of waves with different amplitudes and phases.

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There are no restrictions on the period of the sinusoids used to represent non periodic signals. Hence, the fourier transform representations employ complex sinusoids having a continuum of frequencies. The signal is represented as a weighted integral of complex sinusoids where the variable of integration is the sinusoids frequency. Continuous time sinusoids with distinct frequencies are distinct,
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CT Fourier Transform of an Aperiodic Signal:

An alternate way of interpreting ak is as samples of an envelope function specifically,Tak. That is with w thought of as continuous variable, the function (2sinwT1)/ w represents the envelope of Tak, and the coefficients ak are simply equally spaced samples of this envelope. Also, for fixed T1,the envelope of Tak is independent of T.

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T increases, the fundamental frequency w0=2/ T decreases

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An aperiodic signal

X(t)=0,|t|>T1

Periodic signal

~ (t ) x

w0=2pi/T, x(t)=

for |t|<T/2

We choose the period T to be larger, is identical to x(t) over a longer interval, and as T.> Is equal to x(t) for any finite value of t. w0=2pi/T,since x(t)= for |t|<T/2

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Hence,

in terms of

X(j ) as

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Sufficient conditions for the convergence of FT

Dirichlet conditions: 1.x(t) be absolutely integrable; that is, 2.x(t) have a finite number of maxima and minima within any finite interval 3.x(t) have a finite number of discontinuities within any finite interval Furthermore, each of these discontinuities must be finite
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