Emerging Issues & Knowledge Gaps in Urbanization and its Management to promote Inclsive and Sustainable Development A five

minute Stab T. R. Lakshmanan Boston University

A. WB Knowledge Platform on Inclusive U. M. * WB Mumbai Inclusive Transport Project *Urban Anthropological Studies ? B. Analytical and Policy Knowledge on New Urban Governance *Innovations in Resurgent urban areas in US

Urban Reinvention

1. Urban reinvention requires avoidance of Market Failures for Spatially Provided Goods
New physical infrastructures Rapid Conversion of Obsolete Constructions and Land Uses 2. Possible Only if new rules of engagement, relationships, and coordination of urban private, public and local stakeholders are developed in other words models of Governance or Institutional innovations

The Shift from Urban Government to Urban Governance

The Traditional Urban Government The New Model of Urban Governance 1. Coordination of E conomic Activities: Market and 1. Inclusive Approach: Networks: Market, Hierarchy & Hierarchy. Heterarchy. 2. Intersectoral Relationships: Command and Control . 2. Negotiations and persuasion. 3. Problem formulation: Public vs. Private. 3. Public and private and social sector actors. 4. Organizational strategies; Focus on use of phys ical and 4. Focus on urban society outcomes ongoing resources of all human assets to achieve professional tasks with uniformity, sectors to create public value . but without discretion and flexibility (which are n ecessary for responding to change). 5. Transactional Efficiency processing information and 5. Transformational Efficiency continuous process of adapting to external signs such a s prices or political renewal and innovation, creating new resources and pressures. mobilizing underutilized urban resources; helping citizens prevent and solve complex problems. 6. Programs / Agencies 6. Governance Tools

The Contrast between the Old and the Emerging Governance Models

Old
Command & Control Top Down Technical/Bureaucratic Direction Routine Activities

New
Enabling & Enpowering Shared, Participative Complex Adaptive System Jazz Knowledge Creation & Diffusion

Reinvented Bostons Institutions, Instruments and Infrastructure

Institutional Forms Community Development Corporation (CDC) Local development councils and business incubators Types of Instruments1 Financial Fiscal Community bloc Tax abatement development for city grants, other project grants, venture capital pools Use of various Tax increment debt instruments financing such as revenue bonds, venture capital pools. Loan guarantees Special assessment districts Federal grants for Property financing capita improvement tax abatement; income tax credit; sales tax exemptions. Funding for --energy companies. Infrastructure Physical Administrative Capital Streamlining improvement in licensing and streets & permitting neighborhoods Objectives Downtown revitalization Industrial parks on greenfield & brownfield sites Skilling, Networking Start up companies

Public private partnerships for employment creation Empowerment zones and enterprise communities. EZ/EC (Partnership but Fed/State) city gov't & private. Rebuild Boston Energy Initiative [Partnership of city gov't, power companies, community organizations and energy consultation

Historic and landmark preservation Transportation assistance for commuting; worker training.

Regional economic development groups Creation of business technology center; market associations. Linkage to business owners via Boston Office of Business Development.

Advertisement and tourism development Retain existing industry; attract new investment; foster local entrepreneurship. Upgrade energy efficiency of new and retrofitted facilities; reduce factor costs, attract new investment.

Retrofitting buildings; consulting new construction.