BOILERS

MU CLARIDAD

device for generating steam. It consists of two principal parts: the Furnace, which provides heat, usually by burning a fuel, and the Boiler proper, a device in which the heat changes water into steam.

BOILER - a

Steam Generators are designed to produce steam for process requirements, for process needs along with electric power generation, or solely for electric power generation.

In the industrial market, boilers have been designed to burn a wide range of fuels and operate at pressures up to 12.4 Mpa (1800 psia) and steaming rates extending to 455,000 kg/h (1,000,000 lb/h). High-capacity shop-assembled boilers (package boilers) range in capacity from 4545 kg/h (10,000 lb/h) to about 270,000 kg/h (600,000 lb/h). These units are designed for operation at pressures up to 11.4 MPa (1650 psia) and 783 K (950F).

BOILER DESIGN ISSUES Boiler design involves the interaction of many variables: Water-steam Circulation Fuel Characteristics Firing Systems Heat Input Heat Transfer

CIRCULATION AND HEAT TRANSFER CIRCULATION as applied to a steam generator, is the movement of water or steam or a mixture of both through the heated tubes.
WATER

STEAM

CIRCULATION AND HEAT TRANSFER HEAT TRANSFER The rate of heat transfer from the tubes to the fluid depends primarily on turbulence and the magnitude of the heat flux itself. TURBULENCE is a function of mass velocity of the fluid and tube roughness achieved by designing for high mass velocities, which ensure that nucleate boiling takes place at the inside surface of the tube.

UTILITY STEAM GENERATORS

Steam-Generator Circulation System Circulation systems for utility application are generally classified as natural circulation and forced of pump-assisted circulation in drum-type boilers, and as once-through flow in subcritical- and supercritical-pressure boilers.

UTILITY STEAM GENERATORS

Fuel Characteristics Fuel choice has a major impact on boiler design and sizing. Because of the heat transfer resistance offered by ash deposits in the furnace chamber in a coal-fired boiler, the mean absorbed heat flux is lower than in gasor oil-fired boilers, so a greater surface area must be provided.

UTILITY STEAM GENERATORS

Fuel Characteristics In addition, coal characteristics have a major impact on the design and operation of a coal-fired boiler. Coals having a low volatile-matter content usually require higher ignition temperatures.

UTILITY STEAM GENERATORS

Superheaters and Reheaters Superheater raises the temperature of the steam generated above the saturation level. An important function is to minimize moisture in the last stages of a turbine to avoid blade erosion.

SUPERHEATER

UTILITY STEAM GENERATORS

Economizers Improve boiler efficiency by extracting heat from the discharged flue gases and transferring it to a feedwater, which enters the steam generator at a temperature appreciably lower than the saturation-steam temperature.

INDUSTRIAL BOILERS
Industrial Boilers are steam generators that provide power, steam, or both to an industrial plant, in contrast to a utility boiler in a steam power plant.

INDUSTRIAL BOILERS
Design Criteria Industrial-boiler designs are tailored to the fuels and firing systems involved.

Design Criteria Some of the more important design criteria include: Furnace heat-release rates both W/m3 and W/m2 of effective projected radiant surface Heat release on grates Flue-gas velocities through tube banks Tube Spacing

INDUSTRIAL BOILERS
Package Boilers 2 Types of Package Boilers: Fire-tube Package Boiler Water-tube Package Boiler

INDUSTRIAL BOILERS
Package Boilers In a Fire-tube Boiler, the hot combustion products flow through tubes immersed in the boiler water, transferring heat to it.

INDUSTRIAL BOILERS
Package Boilers In a Water-tube Boiler, combustion heat is transferred to water flowing through tubes which line the furnace walls and boiler passages.

INDUSTRIAL BOILERS
Package Boilers

The greater safety of water-tube boilers has long been recognized, and they have generally superseded fire-tube configurations except for small package boiler designs.

INDUSTRIAL BOILERS
Package Boilers
The majority of water-tube package boilers usenatural circulation and are designed for pressurized firing. The mostsignificant advantage of shop-assembled or package boilers is the costbenefit associated with use of standard designs and parts.

FLUIDIZED-BED BOILERS
Although the furnace of a fluid-bed boiler has a unique design, the system as a whole consists mainly of standard equipment items adapted to suit process requirements.

FLUIDIZED-BED BOILERS
Bubbling FBCs (Fluidized Bed Combustion) Bubbling FBC is used primarily for burning biomass, although coal may be cofired to maintain heat release rates when feeding high moisture feedstocks such as sludges.

FLUIDIZED-BED BOILERS
Circulating FBCs (Fluidized Bed Combustion) Circulating FBC is the more widely deployed than the bubbling-bed design and at far larger sizes.