Lecture 12 Design

February 10, 2003 CVEN 444

Analysis and

Lecture Goals
Resistance Factors and Loads Design of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam
 

Unknown section dimensions Known section dimensions

Flexural Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams and Slab Sections

Analysis: Analysis Versus Design: Given a cross-section, fc , reinforcement sizes, location, fy compute resistance or capacity Given factored load effect (such as Mu) select suitable section(dimensions, fc, fy, reinforcement, etc.)

Design:

Flexural Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams and Slab Sections

ACI Code Requirements for Strength Design Basic Equation: factored resistance Ex.

factored load effect

J Mn u Mu

ACI Code Requirements for Strength Design

Mu = Moment due to factored loads (required ultimate moment) Mn = Nominal moment capacity of the cross-section using nominal dimensions and specified material strengths. J = Strength reduction factor (Accounts for variability in dimensions, material strengths, approximations in strength equations.

Flexural Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams and Slab Sections

Required Strength (ACI 318, sec 9.2) U = Required Strength to resist factored loads D = Dead Loads L = Live loads W = Wind Loads E = Earthquake Loads

Flexural Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams and Slab Sections

Required Strength (ACI 318, sec 9.2) H = Pressure or Weight Loads due to soil,ground water,etc. F = Pressure or weight Loads due to fluids with well defined densities and controllable maximum heights. T = Effect of temperature, creep, shrinkage, differential settlement, shrinkage compensating.

Factored Load Combinations

U = 1.2 D +1.6 L Always check even if other load types are present. U U U U U = 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5 (Lr or S or R) = 1.2D + 1.6 (Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.8W) = 1.2D + 1.6 W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) = 0.9 D + 1.6W +1.6H = 0.9 D + 1.0E +1.6H

Resistance Factors, J ACI Sec J 9.3.2 Strength Reduction Factors
[1] Flexure w/ or w/o axial tension The strength reduction factor, J, will come into the calculation of the strength of the beam.

Resistance Factors, J ACI Sec J 9.3.2 Strength Reduction Factors
[2] Axial Tension [3] Axial Compression w or w/o flexure (a) Member w/ spiral reinforcement (b) Other reinforcement members *(may increase for very small axial loads) J= 0.90 J= 0.70 J= 0.65

Resistance Factors, J ACI Sec J 9.3.2 Strength Reduction Factors
[4] Shear and Torsion [5] Bearing on Concrete J= 0.75 J= 0.65

ACI Sec 9.3.4

J factors for regions of high seismic risk

Background Information for Designing Beam Sections

1. Location of Reinforcement locate reinforcement where cracking occurs (tension region) Tensile stresses may be due to : a ) Flexure b ) Axial Loads c ) Shrinkage effects

Background Information for Designing Beam Sections

2. Construction formwork is expensive - try to reuse at several floors

Background Information for Designing Beam Sections

3. Beam Depths ACI 318 - Table 9.5(a) min. h based on l (span) (slab & beams) Rule of thumb: hb (in)

$ l (ft)

Design for max. moment over a support to set depth of a continuous beam.

Background Information for Designing Beam Sections

4. Concrete Cover Cover = Dimension between the surface of the slab or beam and the reinforcement

Background Information for Designing Beam Sections

4. Concrete Cover Why is cover needed? [a] Bonds reinforcement to concrete [b] Protect reinforcement against corrosion [c] Protect reinforcement from fire (over heating causes strength loss) [d] Additional cover used in garages, factories, etc. to account for abrasion and wear.

Background Information for Designing Beam Sections

Minimum Cover Dimensions (ACI 318 Sec 7.7) Sample values for cast in-place concrete Concrete cast against & exposed to earth - 3 in. Concrete (formed) exposed to earth & weather No. 6 to No. 18 bars - 2 in. No. 5 and smaller - 1.5 in

Background Information for Designing Beam Sections

Minimum Cover Dimensions (ACI 318 Sec 7.7) Concrete not exposed to earth or weather - Slab, walls, joists No. 14 and No. 18 bars - 1.5 in No. 11 bar and smaller - 0.75 in - Beams, Columns - 1.5 in

Background Information for Designing Beam Sections

5. Bar Spacing Limits (ACI 318 Sec. 7.6)

- Minimum spacing of bars - Maximum spacing of flexural reinforcement in walls & slabs

3 t Max. space = smaller of 18 in.

Minimum Cover Dimension

Interior beam.

Minimum Cover Dimension

Reinforcement bar arrangement for two layers.

Minimum Cover Dimension

ACI 3.3.3 Nominal maximum aggregate size. 3/4 clear space., 1/3 slab depth, 1/5 narrowest dim.

Example - Singly Reinforced Beam

Design a singly reinforced beam, which has a moment capacity, Mu = 225 k-ft, fc = 3 ksi, fy = 40 ksi and c/d = 0.275 Use a b = 12 in. and determine whether or not it is sufficient space for the chosen tension steel.

Example - Singly Reinforced Beam

From the calculation of Mn a Mn ! C d  2

a a 1 a ! 0.85 f cba d  ! 0.85 f cbd d 1  2 d 2 d a 1 d c 2 ! 0.85 f cbd k d  k where, k d ! F1 ! 1 d 2 d 1 2 ! 0.85 f c k d  k d{ 1 bd 23 1 4 44 2 4 4 4 size

Ru

Example - Singly Reinforced Beam

Compute k and determine Ru

c F1 0.85 0.275 d 0.23375 k 0.85 f c k 1 2 0.23375 0.85 3 ksi 0.23375 1 2 0.5264 ksi

Ru

Example - Singly Reinforced Beam

Calculate the bd 2 and by selecting c/d =0.275 J =0.9

bd

M Ru

M J Ru

12 in 225 k- t t 0.9 0.5264 ksi

5699 in

Example - Singly Reinforced Beam

Calculate d, if b = 12 in.

5699 in 3 d2 ! ! 440.67 in 2 d ! 21.79 in. 12 in

Use d =22.5 in., so that h = 25 in.

c ! 0.275d ! 0.275 22.5 in ! 6.1875 in.

Example - Singly Reinforced Beam

Calculate As for the beam 0.85 f cb F1c As ! fy

0.85 3 ksi 12 in. 0.85 6.1875 in. 40 ksi

2

! 4.02 in

Example - Singly Reinforced Beam

Chose one layer of 4 #9 bars

As ! 4  in 2 ! 4.00 in 2 1.0
Compute V
2 As 4.00 in V! ! bd 12.0 in 22.5 in

! 0.014815

Example - Singly Reinforced Beam

Calculate Vmin for the beam

V min

200 200 f ! 40000 ! 0.005 y ! V min ! 0.005 3 f c ! 3 3000 ! 0.00411 fy 40000

The beam is OK for the minimum V

0.014815 " 0.005

Example - Singly Reinforced Beam

Check whether or not the bars will fit into the beam. The diameter of the #9 = 1.128 in.
b ! 4d b  3s  2 cover  d stirrup

! 4 1.128 in.  3 1.128 in.  2 ?1.5 in.  0.375 in.A ! 11.65 in

So b =12 in. works.

Example - Singly Reinforced Beam

Check the height of the beam.

db h ! d   cover  dstirrup 2 1.128 in.  1.5 in.  0.375 in. ! 22.5 in.  ? A 2 ! 24.94 in
Use h = 25 in.

Example - Singly Reinforced Beam

Find a

a!

As f y 0.85f cb

4.0 in 2 40 ksi  0.85 3 ksi 12.0 in.

! 5.23 in.
Find c

a 5.23 in. c! ! F1 0.85

! 6.15 in.

Example - Singly Reinforced Beam

Check the strain in the steel

d c 22.5 in.  6.15 in. It ! I cu ! 0.003 6.15 in. c ! 0.00797 u 0.005 c 6.15 in. ! ! 0.2733 d 22.5 in.
Therefore, J is 0.9

Example - Singly Reinforced Beam

Compute the Mn for the beam

a M N ! As f y d  2 5.23 in. ! 4.0 in 40 ksi 22.5 in.  2 ! 3186.6 k-in Calculate Mu

2

MU ! JMN

! 0.9 3186.6 k-in ! 2863.4 k-in

Example - Singly Reinforced Beam

Check the beam Mu = 225 k-ft*12 in/ft =2700 k-in

2863.4  2700 *100% ! 6.05% 2700

Over-designed the beam by 6%
c 6.15 in. ! ! 0.2733 d 22.5 in.

Use a smaller c/d ratio

Homework
Problem 5.4, 5.5