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Psychosexual Development
Sigmund Freud an Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis.
3 Levels of Consciousness
3 Psychic Energies
Pleasure Principle
Moral Principle
Reality Principle
Libido - are the instinctual drives Regression and fixation common terms in this theory. Gave prominence feelings. to are
sexual
STAGES
Oral Stage (0-2 years) (0Gratification focus: mouth Pleasures: sucking activities like fingers, toes or nipples Dissatisfaction: resurface at a later years
overeating, smoking, nail-biting
Possible problems: Compulsive need to be clean and orderly. Frugality and stinginess Greed Insistence on doing things at one's own rate at the expense of others Rigid training Excessive messiness and disorderly habits.
Nursing Implication: Help children achieve bowel and bladder control without undue emphasis on its importance.
child's sexual
have
positive
Nursing Implication: Provide appropriate opportunities for the child to relate with opposite sex. Allow child to verbalize feelings about new relationships.
These are automatic and usually unconscious processes or act by the individuals to:
reduce or cope anxiety or fear resolve emotional or mental conflict protect one's self-esteem protect one's sense of security
Becomes pathologic when overused. Used by both mentally healthy and mentally ill individuals
Compensation
An attempt to overcome a real or imagined short coming, inferiority, inabilities and weaknesses. A blind woman becomes proficient in playing piano.
Conversion
Emotional problems are converted to physical symptoms A student unprepared for a report suffered headache the day she is supposed to deliver her report.
Denial
Failure to acknowledge an intolerable thought, feeling, experience or reality A middle-aged man after being admitted to the CCU because of an AMI, insists that he is in the hospital for just a diagnostic work-up.
Displacement
the redirection of feelings to a less threatening object An adolescent boy, after an argument with his father, goes to the room and kicked his rooms door.
Fantasy
Conscious distortion of unconscious feelings or wishes A boy who is being bullied by his friends wished he had the power of Superman.
Fixation
An unhealthy mechanism which is an arrest of maturation at certain stages of development. A boy never overcame being fully reliant from his mother.
Introjection Symbolic assimilation or taking into oneself a love/hatred object;accepting another persons attitude,beliefs and values as ones own. Common to depressed clients. *person whom likes guns becomes an avid hunter like his bestfriend. Identification An individual integrates certain aspects of someone else's personality into one's own. A young school teacher adopts his former mentor's teaching style when conducting class sessions.
Intellectualization
An overuse of intellectual concepts by an individual to avoid expression of feelings A man who was asked to share a memorable experience about his grandmother who died discussed the stages of death and dying by Elizabeth Kubler Ross.
Projection
Attributing to others one's unconscious wishes/fear. Literally, this means to "throw off. A student who failed a subject blames his failure on poor teaching. Man who has thought about same gender relationship,but never had one beats a man whos gay
Rationalization
An individual finds a justifiable cause and acceptable reasons just to be saved from an embarrassing and anxiety producing thoughts or situations. A basketball player claims that he missed the shot and lost the game because of the distractions made by the audience.
Regression
Is the turning back to earlier patterns of behavior in solving personal conflicts. Commonly seen to schizophrenic patients A person who becomes ill in the face of disappointment has regressed to a form of childish behavior.
Repression
It is the involuntary or unconscious forgetting of an unpleasant ideas or impulses. Woman who has no memory before age 7, when she was removed from an abusive parents.
Suppression
Permits the individual to store away or consciously forget the unpleasant, painful and unacceptable thoughts, desires, experiences and impulses. "I'll think it about tomorrow", "I'd rather go now", "Can we change the topic?" A boy walked out from the group and said "I have to go now", when he was asked what was happened to their relationship with his girlfriend.
Substitution
Replacing the desired unattainable goal with one that is attainable A woman who failed the nursing board exam 3 times, worked as a nursing aide just to be in the hospital.
Sublimation
The redirection of unacceptable instinctual drive with one that is socially acceptable Instead of harming his mother, a man expressed his anger by composing a song.
Symbolization
Less threatening object is used to represent another A woman, missing her husband finds comfort in hugging her son who looks like his father.
Undoing
An attempt to erase an act, thought, feeling, guilt or desire A man gives her wife a bunch of roses after their argument last night.
Oral Regression Displacement Substitution Compensation Fixation Anal Suppression Reaction Formation Identification Introjection Sublimation Repression Phallic Rationalization Latency Projection Symbolization Conversion Fantasy Isolation Dissociation Undoing/Restitution Condensation Denial
Erik Erikson
Childhood is very important in personality development. Rejected Freud's attempt to describe personality solely on the basis of sexuality,
Believed that social factors greatly affect an individuals personality felt that personality continued to develop beyond five years of age.
Identified 8 developmental stages throughout the whole life cycle. Stages 1-5 - childhood and adolescent Stages 6-8 - Adulthood
STAGE 1
Period of Life Psychosocial Crisis Relationship with Infant, 0-18 months, (Hope) Trust vs. Mistrust Maternal person
Experiences, To get, to give in return Decisions, Choices Positive Resolution Reliance on the caregiver Development of trust in the environment
Negative Resolution
Fear, anxiety and suspicion Lack of care, both physical & psychological by caretaker leads to mistrust of environment
Stage 2
Period of Life Psychosocial Crisis Relationship with Experiences, Decisions, Choices Positive Resolution Toddler, 18 mos. to 3 years (Willpower) Autonomy vs. Shame/doubt Paternal person To hold on, to let go
Sense of self-worth Assertion of choice and will Environment encourages independence, leading to sense of pride
Negative Resolution Loss of self-esteem Sense of external control may produce self-doubt in others
Stage 3
Period of Life Psychosocial Crisis Relationship with Experiences, Decisions, Choices Positive Resolution Preschool, 3 to 6 years (Purpose) Initiative vs. Guilt Family To make, to make like
The ability to learn to initiate activities, to enjoy achievement and competence The inability to control newly developed power Realization of potential failure leads to fear of punishment and guilt
Negative Resolution
Stage 4
Period of Life Psychosocial Crisis Relationship with Experiences, Decisions, Choices Positive Resolution Schooler, 6 to 12 yrs. (Competence) Industry vs. Inferiority Neighbors/School To make things, to make together
Learning the value of work Acquiring skills and tools of technology Competence helps to order life and make things work Repeated frustrations and failures lead to feelings of inadequacy and inferiority that may affect their view of life
Negative Resolution
Stage 5
Period of Life Psychosocial Crisis Relationship with Experiences, Decisions, Choices Positive Resolution Negative Resolution Adolescent, 12 to 18 yrs, (Fidelity) Identity vs. Role confusion Peer group To be oneself, to share being oneself Experiments with various roles in developing mature individuality Pressures and demands may lead to confusion about self
Stage 6
Period of Life Psychosocial Crisis Relationship with Experiences, Decisions, Choices Positive Resolution Young Adult, 18 to 54 yrs., (Love) Intimacy vs. Isolation Partners in friendship Sex competition To lose and find oneself in another
A commitment to others Close heterosexual relationship and procreation Withdrawal from such intimacy, isolation, self-absorption and alienation from others
Negative Resolution
Stage 7
Period of Life Psychosocial Crisis Relationship with Experiences, Decisions, Choices Positive Resolution Middle Adult, 24 to 54 yrs., (Care) Generativity vs. Self-absorption Partner To make be, to care of
The care and concern for the next generation Widening interest in work and ideas Self-indulgence and resulting psychological impoverishment
Negative Resolution
Stage 8
Period of Life Psychosocial Crisis Relationship with Experiences, Decisions, Choices Positive Resolution Late Adult, 54 yrs. to death, (Wisdom) Integrity vs. Despair Mankind To be, through having been, to face not being Acceptance of ones life Realization of the inevitability of death Feeling of dignity and meaning of existence Disappointment of ones life and desperate fear of death
Negative Resolution
Stages
Formation of ideas of categorization. Lack of ability to go back and rethink a process or concept.
Mental image the symbolic process which are evident in plays Construction of verbal schemas preconcepts
Logical implications
Formal Operations (11 years to adulthood) Full patterns of thinking Ability to use logic and symbolic processes
mathematical and scientific reasoning
Interpersonal Theory
Concepts:
Focused on the role of the environment and interpersonal relations as the most significant influences on a individuals development. Human personality is the context of social interactions with other human being. Anxiety is communicated interpersonally.
Childhood
Modifies actions to suit social demands in sex roles training, peer play, family events. Uses language and movement to avoid anxiety.
Juvenile
Learns to accept subordinate to authority figures outside the family. More concepts of self status and role.
Pre-adolescence
Capable of participating in genuine love relationships with others. Develop consideration and concerns outside the self.
Early adolescence
Heterosexual contacts enter into personal relationship. Attempts to integrate sex with other personal relationship.
Late adolescence
Master expression of sexual impulses. Forms satisfying and responsible associations. Uses communication skills to protect self from conflict with others.
Peplau's Six Nursing Roles illustrate the dynamic character roles typical to clinical nursing.
Stranger role Resource role Teaching role Counseling role Surrogate role Active leadership
Levels
Stage 1 Behavior is based on the desire to avoid severe physical punishment by a superior power. Right or wrong is based on consequences to him. Punishment = wrong act
Stage 3 Good behavior is that which pleases others and judgments are based on intentions. Children conform to rules to win the approval of others and to maintain good relationships.
Stage 4 What is right is what is accepted. If the social accepts rules as appropriate for all group members, children will conform to them to avoid social disapproval and censure.
laws
as
For aspects of life not governed by laws, right and wrong are personal decisions based on agreement and contracts.
Stage 6 Morality is based on respect for others rather than on personal desires. The individual conforms to both social standards and to internalized ideals to avoid self-condemnation rather than to avoid social censure.
Human Motivational Need Model. (Abraham Maslow) Hierarchy of needs in order of importance Primary needs (physiologic) need to be met prior to dealing with higher level needs.
Abraham Maslow
Maslow offered a theory of human motivation developed as a hierarchy of deficiency needs, each of which must be met before moving to a new level: physiological, safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, and selfactualization. He offered the following beliefs.
Abraham Maslow
Maslows positive view of the human potential for dynamic growth provides nurses with a framework for holistic intervention.