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Traffic Engineering in Large IP Networks with MPLS

Key issues for successful implementations David Drury V.P Technology Strategy

MPLS a key technology in building a profitable New Public network

The Internet today (1995-)

Three Layer Architecture


IP IP IP IP Service

ATM

ATM

Traffic Engineering

SONET/SDH DWDM

Transmission

Topics
Traffic

Engineering in a Best Efforts IP network Traffic Engineering in a Multi-service IP network The design of a Label Switched Router

Benefits
Traffic

engineering places the traffic where the network is, maximizing revenue from a given capacity network It enables the support of premium services Premium services generate the most profitability. MPLS is a key technology in building a profitable New Public Network

Traffic Engineering in Best Effort IP Networks

Current IGPs lead to Hyper-Aggregation


TRAFFIC FOR D SHORTEST PATH ROUTED

CONGESTION

MASSIVE CONGESTION

Current IGPs lead to Hyper-Aggregation


TRAFFIC FOR D SHORTEST PATH ROUTED 9 UNDER ULTILIZED] LINKS 4 OVERUTILIZED ]

CONGESTION

MASSIVE CONGESTION

Answer = Traffic Engineering

Objectives
Map actual traffic efficiently to available resources Controlled use of resources Redistribute traffic rapidly and effectively in response to changes in network topology particularly as a consequence of line or equipment failure

Note

this complements Network Engineering

Putting the network where the traffic is

Network resource characteristics


Off-line provisioning
Network load information Best effort path selection Service provisioning
NMS gathers network statistics Optimal flow mesh calculated offline End-to-end path explicitly provisioned

Constraint Based Routing


QoS aware routing distributes load information New flows routed along best available path Endpoints provisioned with constraints

NOTE: Both methods rely on a connection-oriented transmission infrastructure

Explicit Routing Methods


Method Granularity Protection Yes (ms -s) Yes (ms- mins) No Yes (ms - s) Yes (ms - s) Topology Jitter

Optical Wavelengths SONET Trail ATM PVCs ATM Directed SPVCs MPLS Explicit Routed LSPs

Gbps

Linear*

Lowest

Mbps

Linear/Ring

Lowest

Kbps

Any

Low

Kbps

Any

Low

Kbps

Any

Medium

* Some vendors provide ring-based DWDM implementations (e.g. Marconi Communications)

Constraint Based Routing Methods


Method Standard Body OIF? ATM Forum IETF Routing OSRP, WaRP.. PNNI OSPF(TE) or IS-IS(TE) Signalling OSRP, WaRP.. PNNI RSVP -TE or CR- LDP Available

Optical ATM MPLS

Future?

Now

Trials

Control planes are independent of each other

Constraint Based Routing Methods


Method Standard Body IETF Routing OSPF line MPLS PNNI like PNNI MPLS OSPF or MPLS IS-IS* Signaling Available

Optical ATM MPLS

MPLS or other?
PNNI MPLS RSVP or MPLS LDP

PNNI

Future

IETF

Trials

IETF

Trials

A single control plane across all layers

The MPLS-Enabled Internet


And The Product Migration
Same
IP

Three Layer Architecture


IP IP IP Service

MPLS

MPLS

Traffic Engineering

SONET/SDH DWDM Photonics

Transmission

Smart Connections

Implementation techniques beyond the standard protocols that improve and automate traffic engineering
reduce operational costs Increase resilience reduce recovery time

Estimated

Bandwidth Bandwidth measurement Connection Priorities Pacing Fall back/Optimization

Traffic Engineering Using Estimated Bandwidth for Best Effort Traffic


BEFORE AFTER ADDING 10Mbps 25Mbps @ 70% 25Mbps @ 30% 100Mbps @ 50% 400Mbps @ 60% 100Mbps @ 60% 400Mbps @ 62.5%
SELECTED PATH

25Mbps @ 70% 30%

100Mbps @ 50% 60%

S
400Mbps @ 62.5% 400Mbps @ 60%

Bandwidth measurement
Augment

estimated Bandwidth Measure actual usage


link utilization rate of change of link utilization buffer occupancy rate of change of buffer occupancy
Compute

effective b/w utilization Distribute effective b/w with IGP Use as another constraint in the path computation process RESULT = more efficient Traffic distribution

Resilience - connection priorities


Active communication of failure to routing and signaling layer Ability to prioritize connections - the most important are released first and re-established first over alternate paths. Fast signaled re-establishment of alternative path can meet low service restoration times. On a large network only pre-establishment of alternative paths can meet <50ms service restoration times

Pacing
Failure

may affect 1,000s LSPs Pacing groups LSPs into priority order and reestablishes a group at a time Allows new resource consumption to be flooded before the next group is re-established Minimizes overall re-establishment time (by reducing connection failures) Makes new distribution closer to optimum

Fall back - Optimization


What

happens to traffic established over less than optimal paths


Due to network failure Due to congestion when established

Fallback/Path

Optimization

continually re-checks for better paths Reverts to that better path Uses make before break to do so in a non-service affecting manner Under management control Can affect network stability if not done well
Result

- higher overall network efficiency

Post script - performance implications


High

control plane performance is critical for:-

Establishment of data driven LSPs Performance of advanced path computation algorithms Minimizing LSP fault recovery times Cross country re-route times measured at under 200msec Dynamic Headroom IGP scaling
Makes

the automation of the traffic engineering task practical

Traffic Engineering in Multiservice IP Networks

What The Internet Is Good At


Scale For Users and Bandwidth
CONNECTIVITY (USERS)
1B

BEST EFFORT IS GOOD ENOUGH THIS IS IP BASIC SERVICE OR IPBS

100M 10M

1M

Web based applications


1M 10M 100M 1G 10G

BANDWIDTH

The Convergence Dimension


Predictability
PREDICTABILITY

1B 100M 10M 1M

0.1M

1M

10M

100M

1G

BANDWIDTH

The Convergence Dimension


Predictability
PREDICTABILITY
JITTER ERROR RATE SERVICE INTERUPTION BANDWIDTH LATENCY

1B 100M 10M 1M

0.1M

1M

10M

100M

1G

BANDWIDTH

The Convergence Dimension


Predictability
PREDICTABILITY
JITTER ERROR RATE SERVICE INTERUPTION BANDWIDTH LATENCY

1B 100M 10M 1M

Web Applications
0.1M 1M 10M 100M 1G

BANDWIDTH

The Convergence Dimension


Predictability
PREDICTABILITY

1B 100M 10M 1M

Higher Priority Web Applications


Web Applications
0.1M 1M 10M 100M 1G

BANDWIDTH

The Convergence Dimension


Predictability
PREDICTABILITY

1B 100M 10M 1M

Higher Priority Web Applications


Web Applications
0.1M 1M 10M 100M 1G

CoS IPPS

BANDWIDTH

The Convergence Dimension


Predictability
PREDICTABILITY VOICE
1B 100M 10M 1M

Higher Priority Web Applications


Web Applications
0.1M 1M 10M 100M 1G

CoS IPPS

BANDWIDTH

The Convergence Dimension


Predictability
PREDICTABILITY VOICE VIDEO
1B 100M 10M 1M ECommerce

ASP

Higher Priority Web Applications


Web Applications
0.1M 1M 10M 100M 1G

CoS IPPS

BANDWIDTH

The Convergence Dimension


Predictability
PREDICTABILITY VOICE VIDEO
1B 100M 10M 1M ECommerce

ASP

Hard QoS IPFS

Higher Priority Web Applications


Web Applications
0.1M 1M 10M 100M 1G

CoS IPPS

BANDWIDTH

Critical Conclusion

The key to Premium Services is Infrastructure Predictability


So how do we deliver Predictability?

Traffic Engineering in a multi-service IP net


Best

effort to multi-service is the most important transition facing ISPs today Traffic engineering problem is the same as for a best effort network BUT Many more constraints on the path computation
e.g. EF - Peak frame rate, average frame rate, max burst size, loss sensitivity, delay, delay variation etc e.g. AF - Relative priority

Pre-computation

Scaling the path computation process Define common traffic profiles (sets of constraints) Pre-compute the paths for each profile Cache exception profiles Re-compute on change in network state. Path for a new LSP determined from the profile table . Tie break when more than one path exists (randomization along equally congested paths) RESULT = Connection time independent of network size

The design of a Label Switched Router

Multi-service TE needs data plane support

Many more requirements on the data plane of the LSR to isolate different traffic classes
Policing (metering) and marking Intelligent buffer management Per traffic class per port queuing Intelligent congestion management Three color RIO Per LSP scheduling and hierarchical shaping (LSPs within LSPs) Line rate performance Order 106 LSPs

Edge LSR
LSRs

at the edge of an MPLS domain have additional data and control plane requirements Interfaces between labeled and unlabeled IP packets Adds or pops labels as appropriate Classifies packets to Forwarding Equivalence Classes (FEC) Maps Diff-serv to MPLS LSPs Forwards unlabeled IP packets

LSR design
The

design of both the data and control plane of an LSR are critical to effective traffic engineering As the next sequence shows, much of the requirements derive from the current generation ATM switches in the core of the Internet and not the edge routers

Current Internet Core ATM Switch


Smart Connections Pre-computation PNNI routing PNNI signaling

Switch Applications Switch Control Processor


INPUTS
BUFFER MANAGEMENT

OUTPUTS

10 - 40G Fabric(s)

Policing Marking Buffer Allocation Packet Drop

Per Port Per Priority Per Flow Queuing Flow Merging

OUTPUT BUFFER

STM-1/4/16

ATM

ATM

STM-1/4/16

Hierarchical Scheduler Shaper

Core Internet MPLS Node


Smart Connections Pre-computation PNNI routing PNNI signaling OSPF(TE), IS-IS(TE), BGP4 RSVP-TE, CR-LDP

Switch Applications Switch Control Processor


INPUTS
BUFFER MANAGEMENT

OUTPUTS

10 - 40G Fabric(s)

Policing Marking Buffer Allocation Packet Drop

Per Port Per Priority Per Flow Queuing Flow Merging

OUTPUT BUFFER

STM-1/4/16

ATM

ATM

STM-1/4/16

Hierarchical Scheduler Shaper

Core Internet Label Switch router (LSR)


Smart Connections Pre-computation PNNI routing PNNI signaling OSPF(TE), IS-IS(TE), BGP4 RSVP-TE, CR-LDP

Switch Applications Switch Control Processor


INPUTS
BUFFER MANAGEMENT

OUTPUTS

10 - 40G Fabric(s)

OUTPUT BUFFER

STM-1/4/16 STM-1/4/16

ATM

ATM POS

STM-1/4/16 STM-1/4/16

POS

Policing Marking IP Forwarding Labeling

Buffer Allocation Packet Drop

Per Port Per Priority Per Flow Queuing Flow Merging

Hierarchical Scheduler Shaper

Edge ATM/Label Switch Router


Smart Connections Pre-computation

Switch Applications Switch Control Processor


INPUTS
BUFFER MANAGEMENT

PNNI routing PNNI signaling OSPF(TE), IS-IS(TE), BGP4 RSVP-TE, CR-LDP

OUTPUTS

10 - 40G Fabric(s)

OUTPUT BUFFER

STM-1/4/16 STM-1/4/16 STM-1/4CH

ATM ATM POS

ATM POS

STM-1/4/16 STM-1/4/16 STM-1/4CH

ATM

ATM

Policing Marking IP Forwarding Labeling Classification

Buffer Allocation Packet Drop

Per Port Per Priority Per Flow Queuing Flow Merging

Hierarchical Scheduler Shaper

Next generation Switch Edge/Core IP/ATM/LSR


Smart Connections Pre-computation

Switch Applications Switch Control Processor


INPUTS
BUFFER MANAGEMENT

PNNI routing PNNI signaling OSPF(TE), IS-IS(TE), BGP4 RSVP-TE, CR-LDP

OUTPUTS

OUTPUT BUFFER

STM-1/4/16/64 STM-1/4/16/64

ATM ATM POS

40 - 480G Fabric(s)

ATM POS

STM-1/4/16/64 STM-1/4/16/64 STM-1/4/16CH

STM-1/4/16CH ATM

ATM

Policing Marking IP Forwarding Labeling Classification

Buffer Allocation Packet Drop

Per Port Per Priority Per Flow Queuing Flow Merging

Hierarchical Scheduler Shaper

Summary
Traffic Engineering in a Best Efforts IP network Traffic Engineering in a Multi-service IP network The design of a Label Switched Router

Traffic

engineering places the traffic where the network is, maximizing revenue from a given capacity network It enables the support of premium services Premium services generate the most profitability. MPLS is a key technology in building a profitable New Public Network

For more information


Marconi

is a $10B revenue, 45,000 employee global Telecoms supplier that has world class expertise at all levels of constructing the New Public Network Access (optical and copper) Transport (SDH SONET and DWDM) Switching and Routing (IP, MPLS, ATM,) Voice and Intelligent Network software Systems design installation and operation

Marconi

web site is at www.marconi.com Or contact me David Drury dmd@fore.com

Thank you
David Drury Dmd@fore.com

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