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Unit X
Contents:
What is a Dam? History of Dams Why are Dams built? Construction of Dam Problems associated with Dams Rehabilitation & Resettlement Case Study: Aswan High Dam
What is a Dam?
A dam is an obstacle built across a river or a lake to hold back water. The reservoirs which form behind them are used to store water which is used for four major uses: (i) to ensure a regular water supply for industrial and domestic use, (ii) for irrigation, (iii) for flood control, (iv) for hydroelectric power.
History of Dams
The word dam can be traced back to Middle English, and before that, from Middle Dutch, as seen in the names of many old cities For instance the Dutch capital Amsterdam (old name Amstelredam) started with a dam through the river Amstel in the late 12th Century, and Rotterdam started with a dam through the river Rotte
History of Dams.
The oldest surviving and standing dam in the world is believed to be the Quatinah barrage in modern-day Syria. The dam is assumed to date back to the reign of the Egyptian pharao Sethi (13191304 BC), and was enlarged in the Roman period and between 1934-38. It still supplies the city of Homs with water. About 2000 years ago the Romans built two dams near Merida in Spain to provide water for the town. They are still used today to provide water for irrigation
Construction of Dams
Siting a Dam Planning a Dam Building a Dam
Construction of Dams
Siting a Dam: During this process the engineer must consider the purpose of the dam & how much water the reservoir needs to hold. He must also find out the amount of water which flows down the river during the rainy season and in times of drought, and whether more water can be brought from streams in the neighborhood.
Construction of Dams
Planning a Dam: The engineer then needs to decide what type of dam can be conveniently and economically built across the outlet. Modern dams fall into two categories: 1. Embankment Dams 2. Masonry Dams
Embankment Dams
Generally these are built in valleys which are wide and shallow, and when the rock in the walls of the valley are not hard enough to support the weight of a concrete dam. A couple of examples of embankment dams are: the High Island Dam in Hong Kong, the Mica Dam in Canada and the Marchlyn Dam in North Wales made of rock , the 154m high Goschener Dam in Switzerland made of broken stone, and the Aswan High Dam in Egypt.
Masonry Dams
Gravity: A dam which holds its place against the horizontal push of the water by its own weight is called a gravity dam. Examples are the Claerwen Dam in Wales and the Lower (original) Aswan Dam in Egypt.
Masonry Dams
Arch: An arch of brick or stone can carry the weight of the masonry above it by transmitting the thrust through the abutments to the ground. A well known example, the Lumiei Dam in Italy is 449 feet high and made of concrete.
Masonry Dams
uttress: This type combines the principles of both the gravity and arch dams. It consists of a series of buttresses placed at intervals and connected by horizontal arches. Loch Sloy Dam in Scotland is an example.
Masonry Dams
arrage: In narrow bays and in the mouths of rivers, the water flows in as the tide rises and flows out again as the tide falls. It is possible, by damming the river, to make use of the moving water to generate electricity. This type of dam is called a barrage. The Rance Barrage in western France is 804 metres long and lies across the mouth of the Rance River.
Construction of Dams
Building a Dam: Once the detailed plans have been drawn up and a cost benefit analysis has been approved, the dam can be built. Consideration must then be given to the financial implications of building the dam.
References:
1. The World's Rivers: The Nile. Julian Waterhouse 1995 2. Oxford Junior Encyclopedia. 1955 edition 3. Children's Britannica 1989 edition 4. Egypt's Dream Fulfilled Time-Life Books 5. Keller, Edward. Environmental Geology. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 2000. 6. Pearce, Fred. The Dammed: Rivers, Dams, and the Coming World Water Crisis.
KOYNA-DAM
NARMADA DAM
Dams in Nagpur
Wakeshwar, Telhara,Surabard,Salaimendha ,Zilpi,Anjangaon ,Khadki ,Nandira,Paradgaon,Khapari ,Nandera ,Wadgaon ,Nishanghat ,Ukarwahi ,Wadad ,Botezhari ,khandezhari,Nawegaon ,Urkudapar ,Wani ,Pirawa ,Chichala,Satighat ,Gothangaon ,Karhandala ,Nanda ,Raibasa ,Mahurkund ,Nagalwadi ,Paradsinga ,Ranwadi ,Kotwalbardi ,Zilpa ,Dhotewada ,Junewani ,Madhuganga,Dongartal ,Mahurnala ,Sheonibondki ,Khumari ,Chorbahuli ,Khidki ,Bhagimahari ,Suwardhara ,Kanhadevi ,Adegaon ,Kathalabodi ,Sirsi ,Chinoda ,Undri ,KhumarNallah
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