Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology College of Engineering

Electric Circuit Theory 1

LECTURE 01

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TOPIC OUTLINE
1. Concepts in Engineering Circuit Analysis 1.1 Circuit, Circuit Elements and Experimental Laws 1.1.1 Introduction 1.1.2 Current, Voltage and Power 1.1.3 Circuits and Circuit Elements 1.1.4 Ohms Law 1.1.5 Kirchoffs laws 1.1.6 R, L, C and Source Combination 1.1.7 Voltage and Current Division 1.2 Useful Techniques in Circuit Analysis

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2. The Transient Circuit 2.1 Source-Free RL and RC Circuits 2.2 Application of Unit-Step Forcing Functions 2.3 The RLC Circuit 3. Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 3.1 The Phasor Concept 3.2 The Sinusoidal Steady-State Response 3.3 Average Power and RMS Values

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Grading System: Quizzes: First Prelim Exam: Second Prelim Exam: Final Exam: Passing: 60% 25% 25% 25% 25%

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Part 1: Concepts in Circuit Analysis

1.1 Circuit, Circuit Elements and Experimental Laws
1.1.1 Introduction: Systems of Units: International System of Units (SI) Basic Units: length meter (m) time second (sec) Derived units: force newton (N) work, energy joule (J) voltage volt (V) power watt (W) resistance ohm (;) inductance henry (H) capacitance farad (F) charge coulomb (coul) mass kilogram (kg) current ampere (A)

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Some Useful Prefixes:

Factor 1012 109 106 103 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 prefix tera giga mega kilo milli micro nano pico Abbreviation T G M K m
Q

Example 5.88 teramiles (Tmi) 3 gigahertz (Ghz) 5 megohms (M;) 15 kilowatts (kw) 2.5 milliampere (mA) 5 microhenry (QH) 2 nanofarad (nF) 6 picofarad (pF)

n p

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1.1.2 Current, Voltage and Power

A. Current (i) - charge in motion - unit: ampere (A) - unit named after: Andre Marie Ampere, a French physicist where Representation: B. Voltage (v) - potential difference - unit: volt (V) - unit named after: Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta, an Italian physiscist (Were fortunate indeed since his full name is not used as the unit of voltage) q = charge in coulomb (coul)
i

i = dq/dt

Representation:

+ v -

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The power absorbed by the element is given by the product, p = vi

i

Representation:

+ v -

Passive Sign Convention: If the current arrow and the voltage polarity signs are placed at the terminals of the element such that the current enters that end of the element marked with the positive sign, and if both the arrow and the sign pair are labeled with appropriate algebraic quantities, then the power absorbed by the element can be expressed by the algebraic product of these quantities.

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Examples:
-5 A 3A + 2V + 4V -

(a) p = (2) (3) = 6 W absorbed power

(b) p = (4) (-5) = -20 W absorbed power (20W generated power)

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1.1.3 Circuits and Circuit Elements Circuit an interconnection of simple electrical devices in which there is at least one closed path for which current may flow. Circuit Element mathematical model of two-terminal electrical device Types: A. Active Elements capable of delivering power to some external device Independent Sources Independent Voltage Source (IVS) characterized by a terminal voltage which is completely independent of the current through it
3V +| + 10 V -

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yIndependent Current Source (ICS) characterized by a current which is completely independent of the voltage across it.
2A

Dependent Sources

Dependent Voltage Source (DVS): 2i

+|

Dependent Current Source (DCS):

3v

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B. Passive Elements capable of receiving power (may able to store energy)

Resistance (R) accounts for the conversion of electromagnetic energy into heat Inductance (L) accounts for the storage of energy in a magnetic field Capacitance (C) accounts for the storage of energy in an electric field Mutual Inductance (M) accounts for the transfer of energy from one part of a device to another part by a magnetic field

Network interconnection of two or more simple circuit elements Circuit a network with at least one closed path

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1.1.4 Ohms Law Voltage across many types of conducting materials is

directly proportional to the current flowing through the material. v=Ri
where: R = resistance Resistance
;

- total opposition of direct current (DC) - ratio of voltage to current - measured in ohm ( ; ) -unit named after George Simon Ohm, a German physicist + v -

Resistors

p = vi = i2R = v2/R

Conductance (G)

Short Circuit (SC) Open Circuit (OC)

- reciprocal of resistance - ratio of current to voltage - measured in mho or siemen (S) - a resistance of zero ohm - current through it may have a value - infinite resistance - current is zero (no current flow)

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CAPACITORS

Unit: farad (F) Note: q =Cv

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INDUCTORS

Unit: henry (H)

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1.1.5 Kirchoffs Laws

- named after Gustav Robert Kirchoff, German Professor electrical conductors/leads connector of circuit elements - has a zero resitance/perfectly conducting node a point at which two or more elements have a common connection PITFALL: Sometime networks are drawn so as to trap an unwary student into believing that there are more nodes present than is actually are. Path terms used for set of nodes and elements when there is no node encountered more than once Loop a closed path (node started is the same node ended) Branch a single path in a network - composed of one simple element and the node at each end

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Exercise: Hayt 7th ed, p31/#2.20

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A. Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL) Algebraic sum of all currents entering any node is zero
IA IC IB

ID

CE = CL [On a node, sum of currents entering equals sum of currents leaving] So, IA + IB = IC + ID

B. Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KVL) Algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed path is zero

+ V1 -

+ V2 -

-V1 + V2 + V3 = 0
+ V3 -

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Example: RLC Circuit

Applying KVL:

[Equilibrium Equation] An equation relating the desired response function (vc) to the source function V.

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Example: Determine an equilibrium equation for the response function Vo

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SOLUTION:

+ i

+ iR iC

KVL at left mesh: -Vs + R1i + Ldi/dt + Vo = 0 KCL at node A: i = iR + iC = Vo/R2 + CdVo/dt

(eq. 1) (eq. 2)

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1.1.6 Resistance, Inductance, Capacitance and Source Combination

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Inductors in Series and Parallel

A. Series

B. Parallel

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Capacitors in Series and Parallel

A. Series

B. Parallel

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Example: LC Network

Example: LC Network in which no series or parallel combinations of either the inductors or capacitors can be made

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1.1.7 Voltage and Current Division

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Series Inductors and Voltage Division: v1 = L1/Leq v2 = L2/Leq vN = LN/Leq

Parallel Capacitors and Current Division:

i1 = C1/Ceq i2 = C2/Ceq iN =CN/Ceq

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Example 1:

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Solution 1:

Io

A KVL at left mesh: -60 + 1kIo + 5kIo = 0; Io = 60/6k = 10 mA So, Vo = (5k)(Io) = (5k)(10m) = 50 V By Current Division: i1 = (500)(6mVo)/(2500) = 500(6m)(50)/2500 = 60 mA i2 = (2000)(6mVo)/(2500) = 2000(6m)(50)/2500 = 240 mA KCL at A: Io = Io + i3 ; i3 = 0

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[Ref: Hayt, 7th edition]

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[Ref: Hayt, 7th edition]