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Definition
Telecommunications means to change information into electric signals for remote transmission and switching
Basics of Telecommunications
Training Center Zhongxing Telecom Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd
Logical Composition
Logically Speaking A Telecom Network is composed of Nodes, Links, Ends & Signaling
End: It is a Terminal or Service provision point. Telephone, Fax machine, computer Node: Switching System Link: Transmission System Signaling: It is the language for communication between various parts of telecom network
Physical Composition
Physically speaking A telecom network is composed of
Switching Network: Comprises of multiple types of switches International office, Local terminal office switch, Remote subscriber unit and PABX
Transmission Bearer Network: Comprises of Trunk links, Local transmission links and access networks.
Supporting Network:
Comprises four types of networks Digital Synchronization Network Signaling Network Centralized Intelligent Network Telecom Management Network
Branch office
PABX
Tandem
End office
PABX
Branch office
PABX
Types of Offices
End office Branch office Tandem office Toll end office Toll tandem office Domestic toll International toll
Star Network
Tree Network
Compound Network
Chain Network
Loop Network
Bus Network
Good reliability Usage of the links is low The network is not economic This type of network is only used when there are extremely high requirements for reliability
Star Network
It is the basis of the ordinarily used telephone network structure. One switching center is configured, which enables the calls among subscribers. The reliability of star network is lower than the overall meshed network, but the star network is much more economic than the overall meshed network.
Compound Network
It is developed on the basis of the star network. In the densely populated areas, different switching centers are established to form different star networks, which will be overall or partially inter-connected to form the compound network.
Tree Networks:
At present widely used in CATV distribution networks and private network (e.g. military networks). Mostly used in computer communication networks. Normally used in private networks or microwave trunk public communication networks.
Outline
The Development History of the Switch Digitalization of Analog Signals and PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) The Constitution of the Digital SPC Switch
Basic Type
Manual Telephone Switch
Modes of Switches
Magneto switch, Common switch Step-by-step Battery Telephone
Crossbar SPC
Digital signal
High-level Multiplexing. High Resistance to disturbance, Suitable for remote transmission. Easiness for ciphering and high ciphering level Conversion between SNR and frequency band.
Easiness for the interconnection with computer and the provision of ISDN. High integration of equipment that features small size, light weight, low power consumption and long equipment life
Digitalization of Analog Signals Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) PCM( Pulse Code Modulation) Primary Group Format
The conversion of analog signals to binary digital signals comprises of three main processes
TX or Switch
Line Decoder
Line Coder
MUX
DMUX
Decoder Filter
Sampling
Sampling: Discretion of Time Sampling is to converts the Analog Signals with Continuous Time & Amplitude into Analog Signals with Discrete Time & Continuous Amplitude. These signals are called PAM signals.
Analog signal with continuous amplitude Sampling pulse with same amplitude
PAM
Nyquist Theorem
The sampling period Ts can not be longer than the reciprocal of twice the highest frequency of the signal to be sampled. Ts = 1/fs < 1/2B
The voice frequency band is 300 - 3400HZ so the actual sampling frequency fs is taken as 8000Hz Ts=1/8000Hz = 125s The value of is 3.9 s, so 125/3.9 = 32TS
Quantization
QuantizationDiscretion of Amplitude The process of quantization is to round up the amplitude values of analog sampling signals. The round up processing might cause certain errors, which is the so-called Quantization Error.
Quantized Output
5.3
10
14
14
Non-Uniform Quantization
Non-Uniform quantization is adopted in the quantization process of voice sampling . This will ensure similar SNR for big and small signals.
Compressor
Coding Multi-system digital signals are processed with binary coding to be converted into binary digital signals. A-law polygon method coding is adopted
1 128
1 1 64 32
1 16
1 8
1 4
1 2
D1 D1 : D2D3D4:
D5 D6 D7 D8
D5D6D7D8:Intra-field code
Field code adopt the non-even Quantization & the intra-filed code adopt the even quantization.
D1 : Polarity Code
111 110 101 100 011 010 001 000 16 32 64 128 256 512
1024
2048
Seg1
Seg 2
Seg 3
Seg 4
Seg 5
Seg 6
Seg 7
Seg 8
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16
16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 24-25 25-26 26-27 27-28 28-29 29-30 30-31 31-32
32-34 34-36 36-38 38-40 40-42 42-44 44-46 46-48 48-50 50-52 52-54 54-56 56-58 58-60 60-62 62-64
64- 68 68-72 72-76 76-80 80-84 84-88 88-92 92-96 96-100 100-104 104-108 108-112 112-116 116-120 120-124 124-128
128-136 136-144 144-152 152-160 160-168 168-176 176-184 184-190 192-200 200-208 208-216 216-224 224-232 232-240 240-248 248-256
256-272 272-288 288-304 304-320 320-336 336-352 352-368 368-384 384-400 400-416 416-432 432-448 448-464 464-480 480-496 496-512
512-544 544-576 546-608 608-640 640-672 672-704 704-736 736-768 768-800 800-832 832864 864-896 896-928 928-960 960-992 992-1024
1024-1088 1088-1152 1152-1216 1216-1280 1280-1344 1344-1408 1408-1472 1472-1536 1536-1600 1600-1664 1664-1728 1728-1792 1792-1856 1856-1920 1920-1984 1984-2048
Example
Input signals have a dynamic range from -2048mv to +2048mv +135mv : 1 100 0000 -1250mv: 0 111 0011
The process by which many voice signals are arranged in different Time Slots according to certain rules and transmit along a single bearer.
A B C D D C B A D C B A
A B C D
T T T
Demultiplexing
Signals multiplexed in the originating terminal are transmitted to the receiving terminal via channels and then separated into the original individual signals. This process is called de-multiplexing.
Multi-Frame Structure
0 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 0 0
30
31
d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7
A1
1 1
TS0 MULTIFRAME: MULTIFRAME SYNCRONIZATION TS0: FRAME:FRAME SYNCRONIZATION TS1TS15 & TS17 TS31 :VOICE CHANNELS TS 16: FRAME: SIGNALING INFORMATION
Features Of PCM30/32
Sampling Rate Frame Period Width per TS Multi - Frame period Bits/ Sample Value Bits/ Frame Bits/ Multi-frame 8000Hz 125 s 3.9 s 125 s*16=2ms 8 bits 32*8bits=256bits 256*16=4096bits
32*16=512TS 64kb/s
The digital SPC switch has mainly two big parts The Hardware and The Software
Interface Circuits
supervisio n
The interface between the digital switch and the PCM transmission equipment. A-interface: 2.048 Mb/s PCM Primary Group B-interface: 8.192 Mb/s PCM Secondary Group
Control System
Control mode
The Centralized Control: Have only a central processor to handle the whole system Distributed Control: Have several processors distributed in the modules,and the basic functions are mainly realized by the modules
Working Mode
Processor
Mainly perform call processing , connection and operation, management and maintenance
T- Switch
Different Slot switching in same HW
TS9 C OHW TS2 D
TS28 D
TS20 C IHW
TS9 B
TS2
TS28
TS20 B
SM(speech memory)
CM(control memory)
IHW b TS11
a TS11
CM
11 3
0 1 2 3 11
31 From CPU
a TS3
S/P
11 3
Public Resources
Software
The Software of the SPC digital switch controls the actions of the Hardware.
Office data Semi-permanent database Dynamic data System program Program Application program Supporting program Subscriber data
Data
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