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Element
symbol
Electron configuration
Nature
C Si Ge Sn Pb
2.4 [He]2s22p2 2.8.4 [Ne]3s23p2 2.8.18.4 [Ar]3d104s2 4p2 2.8.18.18.4 [Kr]4d105s2 5p2 2.8.18.32.18.4 [Xe]4f14 5d106s2 6p2
Non- metal
Metalloid
Metal
All have four electrons in their valence shell with configuration : ns2np2
ns2
np2
Take note : group 14 : p block elements the similarity between elements in the same group
Variation in the physical properties Atomic radius First ionisation energy Melting point Electrical conductivity
Atomic Radius
Group 14 ( going down the group ) Nuclear charge & screening effect increases But, increasing of screening effect LARGER than nuclear charge Why ? : Each electron has more one shell filled with eThus, effective nuclear charge decreases The attraction bet. Nucleus and electron become weaker Atomic size increase
C 1090
Si 970
Ge 760
Sn 710
Pb 720
C Si : 1st ionisation energy decreases is big number Si Pb : Decrease more gradual Why ? After Si ; the nuclear charge increase + the filling of the d orbital and f sub- orbital + increase in atomic radius = effective nuclear charge dec more gradual
Question : why 1st Ionisation energy of Pb is HIGHER than Sn ? Ans : Ineffective screening effect by the 4f electrons in Pb atom. Thus, a slight increase in the effective nuclear charge Sn to Pb
50Sn :
( Sn : 2.8.18.18.4 ) ( Pb : 2.8.18.32.18.4 )
32 proton & electron screening effect does not counter -balance the in nuclear chargebecause the shielding provided by the 4f electrons is less than expected
Melting point
Element Melting point/oC Structure C 3730 Si 1410 Ge 937 Sn 232 Pb 327 Giant molecular(diamond-type) Giant metallic
Sn and Pb - metal , form metallic bond ( solid ) Hence, the melting point is lower than C, Si, Ge Melting point of Pb > Sn = atoms of Pb are closely packed ( face centred cubic stucture ) than atoms of Sn (tetragonal structure ) Also same trend in boiling points & enthalpy of vapourisation
Inc strength of metallic bond
Electrical conductivity
going down the group structure of elements changes ( covalent to giant metallic ) = electrical cond. Increases Carbon ( diamond ) a conductor Si & Ge ( metalloids ) semi conductors Sn & Pb Good conductor (due to delocalised e- in metallic bonds )
Oxidation state +4
If the energy is needed to promote s electron is compensated by the energy release when the covalent bonds are formed, element will show a stable covalency of 4 .
Going down the group Strength of covalent bonds formed with other element decreases ( due to inc in size ) Thus , the stability of the +4 oxidation state tendency for G14 to show a valency of +2
The behaviour of later members of G14 show a valency of less than 2 in the group valency through a failure to use their s electrons and known as the inert pair effect
Relative stability :
C , Si , Ge : +4 > +2 Sn : +4 > +2 Pb : +2 > +4
When E0 value become inc positive ( down the group ), tendency for M4+ state get to convert to M 2+ state inc C to Ge : +4 oxidation state is very stable compared to +2 ox. state
+2 oxidation state will change to +4 ox.state = the +2 oxidation state are strong reducing agents ( electron donors ) M2+ -> M4+ + 2 e-
In Sn : +4 oxidation state is slightly more stable than +2 ox.state Thus, tin ( 2) compounds are midly reducing. In Pb : +2 oxidation state more stable than +4 ox.state. Pb (7) oxide is a strong oxisiding agent, Pb ( 2 ) oxide is stable
Catenation
Catenation = ability of an element to form bonds bet. Atoms of the same element. Carbon : ability to catenate to form stable long chain and ring compunds. For catenation to occur : 1. the bond must strong, M-M 2. Similar in strength to those between M and other elements M-O
Element C Si Ge M-M 350 222 188 M=M 610 M M 840 M-O 360 464 360
Carbon ; smaller size ; strongest M-M bonds C-C almost as strong as C-O M-M bond for other element are weak Carbon can form double and triple bonds bet. Carbon atoms. Thus, only carbon can catenate to form a series of compounds known as organic atoms Remember ! Silicon , Si O bond is twice as strong as strong as Si- Si bond. Thus, silicon catenates can form SiO2 chain.
Graphite Example of a layered structure in the hexagonal crystalline system C atom undergoes sp2 hybridisation and covalently bonded to three other C atom to form hexagonal ring The weak Van der Walls force allow the layer to slide over one another Thus , it is soft and slippery High melting point The more open structure of graphite as compared to diamond ; graphite less dense then diamond Stable
Relative Stability of Graphite and Diamond Monotropy = all the allotropes can exist under a particular set of condition.
Only one particular allotrope is more stable than the others. No transition temperature
The transformation of diamond into graphites must be done by release heat energy.
Graphite is stable Diamond is energetically unstable but kinetically stable
Uses of Carbon Diamond -> use in the making of high speed drilling material & precious stones Graphite -> Used as lubricants, electrodes and moderator in nuclear reactor Lead in pencil Graphite -> a component in the composite materials of bullet-proof vests & in bodies of air crafts
Tetrachlorides
Group 14 element exist as the simple MCl4 molecule with a tetrahedral shape( 109.5o) Dry chlorine gas into liquid carbon disulphide boiling under reflux Catalyst : iodine / iron 3Cl2 (g) + CS2 (l) CCl4 (l) + S2Cl2 (l) Tetrachlorides of Si, Ge , Sn : react with chlorine gas and reflux Pb tetrachoride : lead dioxide on cold and concentrated HCl ( < 5o) - to prevent the decomposition of lead tetrachloride PbO2 ( s) + 4HCl (aq) PbCl4 (l) +2H2O (l)
Oxides of Group 14
Monoxides, MO ( oxidation state of +2) Dioxides, MO2 ( oxidation state of +4) Thermal Stability of the monoxides CO2 burn with a blue flame in air to produce dioxide SiO only exists in gas phase at temperature above 20000c When cooled, silicon dioxide and silicon are formed. GeO & SnO oxidised to its dioxides PbO > 4000c ( converted to triplumbum tetraoxide, Pb3O4 ) on continuous heating, triplumbum tetraoxide is converted back to lead monoxide. * When heated with nitric acid,triplumbum tetraoxide form a colourless solution and brown soled of lead ( IV ) oxide is left.
Dioxides of G14
Dioxide Structure Physical state Thermal stability Acid/ base nature React with acid CO2 Simple molecule Gas SiO2 Giant molecule Solid Decomposes GeO2 SnO2 PbO2 Intermediate between giant molecule and giant ionic
Stable even at high temperature Acidic NaOH (to form carbonate ) Hot & con. NaOH ( to form Silicate ) Amphoteric Hot & con. HCl ( to form salts)
Hot & con. HCl ( to form Lead ( II) chloride and Cl2 gas )
Alkali
Silicon Oxide
Found in crystalline and amorphous form. Quartz Hard , brittle , clear and colourless In solid state, each silicon atom is bonded covalently to 4 oxygen atom in tetrahedral manner Ratio Si to O2 is 1 :2 . Thus, empirical formula is SiO2 Quartz
870oc
tridymite
1470 oc
cristobalite
Uses of Silicon Oxide Make glass and lenses for optical Component in electronic devices Make cement , concrete and ceramics Extraction of phosphorus Glass Melts at 1710 oc Soda lime glass : bottles , window panes Potash glass / hard glass : combustion tubes Borosilicate glass : make test tubes , laboratory glassware Aluminosilicate glass : cooking utensils Fibre Glass : car panels and aircraft components Coloured glass : metallic oxides into the glass