ANSYS Modal Analysis Guide: Module 2

Module 2
Modal Analysis
Module 2
Modal Analysis
A. Define modal analysis and its purpose.
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1
B. Discuss associated concepts, terminology, and mode extraction methods. C. Learn how to do a modal analysis in ANSYS. D. Work on one or two modal analysis exercises.
July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-2
Modal Analysis
A. Definition & Purpose

What is modal analysis? A technique used to determine a structures vibration characteristics:
Training Manual
Natural frequencies Mode shapes Mode participation factors (how much a given mode participates in a given direction)
Most fundamental of all the dynamic analysis types.
July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-3
Modal Analysis
Definition & Purpose

Benefits of modal analysis
Training Manual
Allows the design to avoid resonant vibrations or to vibrate at a specified frequency (speakers, for example). Gives engineers an idea of how the design will respond to different types of dynamic loads. Helps in calculating solution controls (time steps, etc.) for other dynamic analyses. Recommendation: Because a structures vibration characteristics determine how it responds to any type of dynamic load, always perform a modal analysis first before trying any other dynamic analysis.
July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-4
Modal Analysis
B. Terminology & Concepts

General equation of motion:
Training Manual
[ M ]{ u} + [ C]{ u} + [ K ]{ u} = { F( t )}
Assume free vibrations and ignore damping:
[ M ]{ u} + [ K ]{ u} = { 0}
Assume harmonic motion ( i.e.
u = U sin(t )
([ K ] [ M ]){ u} = {0}
2
The roots of this equation are i2, the eigenvalues, where i ranges from 1 to number of DOF. Corresponding vectors are {u}i, the eigenvectors.
July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-5
Modal Analysis
Terminology & Concepts
Training Manual
The square roots of the eigenvalues are i , the structures natural circular frequencies (radians/sec). Natural frequencies fi are then calculated as fi = i /2 ( cycles/sec) . It is the natural frequencies fi that are input by the user and output by ANSYS. The eigenvectors {u}i represent the mode shapes - the shape assumed by the structure when vibrating at frequency fi.
July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-6
Modal Analysis
Terminology & Concepts (cont.)
Training Manual
Mode Extraction is the term used to describe the calculation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Mode Expansion has a dual meaning. For the reduced method, mode expansion means calculating the full mode shapes from the reduced mode shapes. For all other methods, mode expansion simply means writing mode shapes to the results file.
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Modal Analysis - Terminology & Concepts
Mode Extraction Methods

Several mode extraction methods are available in ANSYS:
Block Lanczos (default) Subspace PowerDynamics Reduced Unsymmetric Damped (full) QR Damped
Training Manual
Which method you choose depends primarily on the model size (relative to your computer resources) and the particular application.
July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-8
Mode Extraction Methods - Block Lanczos

The Block Lanczos method is recommended for most applications.
Training Manual
Efficient extraction of large number of modes (40+) in most models Typically used in complex models with mixture of solids/shells/beams etc. Efficient extraction of modes in a frequency range Handles rigid-body modes well
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Mode Extraction Methods - Subspace

When extracting a small number of modes (<40) in similar size models, the subspace method can be more suitable.

Training Manual
Requires relatively less memory but large diskspace May have convergence problems when rigid body modes are present. Not recommended when constraint equations are present. Generally superseded by Block Lanczos
July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-10
Mode Extraction Methods - PowerDynamics

For large (100K+ DOF) models and a small number of modes (< 20), use the PowerDynamics method. It can be significantly faster than Block Lanczos or Subspace, but:
Training Manual
Requires large amount of memory. May not converge with poorly shaped elements or an ill-conditioned matrix. May miss modes (No Sturm sequence check) Recommended only as a last resort for large models.
July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-11
Mode Extraction Methods - Reduced
Training Manual
For models in which lumping mass does not create a local oscillation, typically beams and spars, use the Reduced method.
Memory and disk requirements are low. In general fastest eigen solver Employs matrix reduction, a technique to reduce the size of [K] and [M] by selecting a subset of DOF called master DOF. Reduction of [K] is exact but [M] loses some accuracy Accuracy of [M] depends on number and location of master DOF. Generally not recommended due to Expertise required in picking master DOF Efficient alternatives such as Block Lanczos reduced cost of hardware
July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-12
Mode Extraction Methods - Unsymmetric
Training Manual
The unsymmetric method is used for acoustics (with structural coupling) and other such applications with unsymmetric [K] and [M].
Calculates complex eigenvalues and eigenvectors: Real part is the natural frequency. Imaginary part indicates stability - negative means stable, positive means unstable.
July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-13
Mode Extraction Methods - Damped
Training Manual
Damping is normally ignored in a modal analysis, but if its effects are significant, the Damped method is used.
Typical application is rotor dynamics, where gyroscopic damping effects are important. Two ANSYS elements, BEAM4 and PIPE16, allow gyroscopic effects to be specified in the form of real constant SPIN (rotational speed, radians/time). Calculates complex eigenvalues and eigenvectors: Imaginary part is the natural frequency. Real part indicates stability - negative means stable, positive means unstable.
July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-14
Mode Extraction Methods - Q-R damped
Training Manual
A second mode extraction method that considers damping effects is the Q-R Damped method.
Faster and more stable than the existing Damped Solver Works with poorly conditioned models All forms of damping allowed including damper elements Combines the best features of the real eigensolution method (Block Lanczos) and the Complex Hessenberg method (QR Algorithm) Outputs complex eigenvalues ( frequency and stability) and damping ratio of each mode Supports the use of a material dependent damping ratio [MP,DMPR] in a subsequent mode superposition harmonic analysis
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Training Manual
MODOPT,QRDAMP,NMODE
July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-16
Training Manual
Comparison Demonstrating the Superior Solution Performance of the QR Damped Mode Extraction Method
FEA M odel Characteristics: 111,129 active dofs 10 damped modes Alpha, Beta and Element damping
160000 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 QRDAMP DAMP CPU (sec) ELAPSE (sec)
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Summary for symmetric, undamped solvers

Extraction method Block Lanczos Subspace Linear Solver Used Sparse Matrix Frontal Solver
Training Manual
Remarks Recommended for most applications; Most stable; Stable but slow; Requires large disk space; Has difficulty with constraint equations / rigid body modes Same as subspace but with PCG solver; Can handle very large models; Lumped mass only; May miss modes; Modes cannot be used in subsequent spectrum and PSD analyses In general fastest; Accuracy depends on Master DOF selection; Limitations similar to Subspace; Not recommended due to expertise required in selecting Master DOF.
Powerdynamics
PCG solver
Reduced
Frontal Solver
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Modal Analysis
C. Procedure
Four main steps in a modal analysis: Build the model Choose analysis type and options Apply boundary conditions and solve Review results
Training Manual
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Modal Analysis Procedure
Build the Model

Remember density!
Training Manual
Linear elements and materials only. Nonlinearities are ignored. See also Modeling Considerations in Module 1.
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Choose Analysis Type & Options

Build the model
Training Manual
Choose analysis type and options Enter Solution and choose modal analysis. Mode extraction options* Mode expansion options* Other options*
*Discussed next
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Mode extraction options Method: Block Lanczos recommended for most applications. Number of modes: Must be specified (except Reduced method). Frequency range: Defaults to entire range, but can be limited to a desired range (FREQB to FREQE). Specification of a frequency range requires additional factorizations and it is typically faster to simply request a number of modes which will overlap the desired range. Normalization: Discussed next.
defaults to 1e8
Training Manual
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Normalization of mode shapes:
Training Manual
Only the shape of the DOF solution has real meaning. It is therefore customary to normalize them for numerical efficiency or user convenience. Modes are normalized either to the mass matrix or to a unit matrix (unity).
Normalization to mass matrix is the default, and is required for a spectrum analysis or if a subsequent mode superposition analysis is planned. Choose normalization to unity when you want to easily compare relative values of displacements throughout the structure. Modes normalized to unity cannot be used in subsequent mode superposition analyses (transient, harmonic, spectrum or random vibration)
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Mode expansion: You need to expand mode shapes if you want to do any of the following:
Have element stresses calculated. Do a subsequent spectrum or mode superposition analysis.
Training Manual
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Mode expansion (continued):
Training Manual
Recommendation: Always expand as many modes as the number extracted. The cost of this is minimal.
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Other analysis options: Lumped mass matrix
Mainly used for slender beams and thin shells, or for wave propagation problems. Automatically chosen for PowerDynamics method.
Training Manual
Pre-stress effects
For Pre-stressed modal analysis (discussed later).
Full damping
Used only if Damped mode extraction method is chosen. Damping ratio, alpha damping, and beta damping are allowed. BEAM4 and PIPE16 also allow gyroscopic damping.
QR damping
All types of damping are allowed.
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Apply BCs and Solve

Build the model Choose analysis type and options
Training Manual
Apply boundary conditions and solve Displacement constraints: Discussed next. External loads: Ignored since free vibrations are assumed. However, ANSYS creates a load vector which you can use in a subsequent mode superposition analysis. Solve: Discussed next.
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Apply BCs and Solve

Displacement constraints: Apply as necessary, to simulate actual fixity.
Training Manual
Rigid body modes will be calculated in directions not constrained. Non-zero displacements are not allowed.
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... Apply BCs and Solve

Displacement constraints (continued): Be careful with symmetry Symmetry BCs will only produce symmetrically shaped modes, so some modes can be missed.
Training Manual
Full Model
Symmetry BC
Anti-Symmetry BC
July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-29
Apply BCs and Solve

Displacement constraints (continued):
Training Manual
For the plate-with-hole model, the lowest non-zero mode for the full and the quarter-symmetry case is shown below. The 53-Hz mode was missed by the anti-symmetry case because ROTX is non-zero along the symmetry boundaries.
July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-30
Apply BCs and Solve

Solve: Typically one load step. Multiple load steps can be used to study the effect of different displacement constraints (symmetry BC in one load step and anti-symmetry BC in another, for example).
Training Manual
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Review Results
Build the model Choose analysis type and options Apply boundary conditions and solve
Training Manual
Review results using POST1, the general postprocessor List natural frequencies View mode shapes Review participation factors Review modal stresses
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Review Results
Listing natural frequencies:
Training Manual
Choose Read Results > By Pick in the General Postproc menu. Notice that each mode is stored in a separate substep.
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Review Results
Viewing mode shapes: First read in results for the desired mode using First Set, Next Set, or By Load Step. Then plot the deformed shape: General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed Shape Notice that the graphics legend shows mode number (SUB = ) and the frequency (FREQ = ).
Training Manual
July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-34
Review Results
Viewing mode shapes (continued):
Training Manual
You can also animate the mode shape: Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Animate > Mode Shape...
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Review Results
Participation Factors: Calculated for each mode in global translation and rotation directions
Training Manual
High value in a direction indicates that the mode will be excited by forces in that direction Values are relative based on a unit displacement spectrum The final participation factor value (ROTZ) can be retrieved into a parameter using *GET command. A spectrum analysis with a specified direction (SED,0,1,0) could be used to obtain other values Also printed out (to the output file) is the effective mass. Ideally the sum of the effective masses in each direction should equal total mass of structure Effective Mass = (participation factor)2
July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-36
Review Results
Modal stresses:
Training Manual
Available if element stress calculation is activated when choosing analysis options. Stress values have no real meaning, however these can be used to highlight hot spots If mode shapes are normalized to unity, you can compare stresses at different points for a given mode shape
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Review Results
Training Manual
Mode shapes normalized to unity
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Modal Analysis
Procedure
Build the model Choose analysis type and options Apply boundary conditions and solve Review results
Training Manual
July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-39
D. Workshop - Modal Analysis

This workshop consists of two problems: 1. Modal analysis of a plate with a hole
Training Manual
A step-by-step description of how to do the analysis. You may choose to run this problem yourself, or your instructor may show it as a demonstration. Follow the instructions in your Dynamics Workshop supplement ( WS2: Modal Analysis - Plate with a Hole, Page WS-17 ).
2. Modal analysis of a model airplane wing

This is left as an exercise to you. Follow the instructions in your Dynamics Workshop supplement ( WS3: Modal Analysis - Model Airplane Wing, Page WS-23 ).
July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-40

ANSYS Modal Analysis Guide: Module 2

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Module 2

DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1

July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-2

A. Definition & Purpose

DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1

Most fundamental of all the dynamic analysis types.

July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-3

Definition & Purpose

DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1

July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-4

B. Terminology & Concepts

DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1

July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-5

Terminology & Concepts

DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1

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Terminology & Concepts (cont.)

DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1

July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-7

Modal Analysis - Terminology & Concepts

Mode Extraction Methods

DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1

July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-8

Modal Analysis - Terminology & Concepts

Mode Extraction Methods - Block Lanczos

DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1

July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-9

Modal Analysis - Terminology & Concepts

Mode Extraction Methods - Subspace

DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1

July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-10

Modal Analysis - Terminology & Concepts

Mode Extraction Methods - PowerDynamics

DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1

July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-11

Modal Analysis - Terminology & Concepts

Mode Extraction Methods - Reduced

DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1

July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-12

Modal Analysis - Terminology & Concepts

Mode Extraction Methods - Unsymmetric

DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1

July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-13

Modal Analysis - Terminology & Concepts

Mode Extraction Methods - Damped

DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1

July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-14

Modal Analysis - Terminology & Concepts

Mode Extraction Methods - Q-R damped

DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1

July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-15

Modal Analysis - Terminology & Concepts

Mode Extraction Methods - Q-R damped

DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1

July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-16

Modal Analysis - Terminology & Concepts

Mode Extraction Methods - Q-R damped

DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1 DYNAMICS 8.1

July 22, 2004 Inventory #002110 2-17

Modal Analysis - Terminology & Concepts

Summary for symmetric, undamped solvers

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