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Appreciation and Application of

HARD LANDSCAPE Elements

ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Introduction The basic of structural integration in Landscape Design is to create spaces, sequence and furnishing the space. Spaces that are created are linked in sequence by route hence furnishing the space.

ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

What is hard landscape?


Elements that are designed and built to fulfill the functions of landscape as well as enhancing it. The effect is spontaneous and quick. The floor and walls of an outdoor space Includes pavements and walls, comprised of concrete, masonry materials, and raw materials like stone and gravel everything but plant material is considered hardscape
ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Functions of Hard Landscape


a) To cater the needs which could not be accommodated by soft landscape elements b) To provide complimentary effect and to enhance the aesthetic of soft landscape

ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Types of Hard Landscape


a) Static Hardscape elements that are used only to fulfill the function without reaction from the elements or he users b) Interactive Hardscape elements that are able to give reactions to users or vice versa

ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Categories of Hard Landscape (base on functions)


Hard landscape can be divided into the categories below based on the functions of the hardscape elements:
1. 2. 3. 4. Separating and Enclosing elements Special surfaces Linkages Furnishing and Focal

ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

1. Separating Elements
Physical and visual barrier affects the physical & psychological in controlling the movement of men, vehicles and animals. Indirectly, physical barrier functions as climate, sound and pollution control. Examples of physical barriers are: Water barrier drainage ditch, moat (defensive ditch around castles), stream Landform steep embankment 1:4 gradient

ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

1. Separating Elements
Man-made structures bollard/fence/safety railing/retaining structures/example of visual barriers are solid wall and fences

ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

1. Separating Elements
Man-made structures bollard/fence/safety railing/retaining structures/example of visual barriers are solid wall and fences

ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

1. Separating Elements
Man-made structures bollard/fence /safety railing/retaini ng structures/ex ample of visual barriers are solid wall and fences

ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

2. Special Surfaces
Special surfaces are added features that functions to indicate activities, event, safety, maintenance capabilities and etc.

a) paving/pavement (gravel, cobbles, tarmac, paving units eg. bricks and pebbles)

ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

2. Special Surfaces
Special surfaces are added features that functions to indicate activities, event, safety, maintenance capabilities and etc.

a) paving/pavement (gravel, cobbles, tarmac, paving units eg. bricks and pebbles)

b) Pedestrian walkway made of timber


ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

3. Linkages
Linkages or circulation systems are a combination of linear connectors/circulation paths, traffic generators and events along the connectors.

Entrances Crossings Steps Gateway/archway

ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

4. Furnishings
Structures that are added to spaces, to enhance and make complete the spaces
Seating Dustbin Lighting Signage Telephone booth Focal elements: sculpture, fountain Shelters
ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

4. Furnishings

Planter

Lighting

Signage

ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Principles of Design
The principles of design are to compose the elements into a sound organization, focusing on activities especially in intensive areas. The characters of the components used, could it be organic or inorganic, are determined by balance, basic organization as well as gradient (whether casual or control urban format). Hard landscape describes the practical need for reinforcement and intensive, the aesthetic need for control, permanent and civic.
ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Hard Landscape Elements


Seating Dustbin Signage Lighting Bridge Paving Planter box/flower pots Steps Carving/sculptures Shelter/kiosk Fence, wall/retaining wall
ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Seating

Criteria a) Provide highlight seating could attract, as well as highlight some garden design b) Relaxing point used for relaxing viewing the surrounding, reading books etc c) Design continuation seating design based on the garden design concept: form and materials

ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Seating

ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Seating
Design/Materials depend on: a) length of use comfort is the main criteria in design b) Maintenance materials used should be easily cleaned or painted design should avoid intricate corners & spaces c) Impairment structure of materials should be durable d) Cost construction & maintenance costs should compliment the surrounding construction cost and landscape design e) Scale scale or size should be able to accommodate load as well as relate to the surrounding landscape scale f) Context materials chosen: modern or traditional, to be used in the urban or countryside.

ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Seating
Location: Shady could be accommodated under big trees (large canopy/foliage), near covered buildings, next to a wall, or plants sheltered from sunlight Windy windy areas, not obstructed by other landscape elements

ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Seating
Location: View places/sites/orientations that could be good and pleasant views Pedestrian route easy access to pedestrian route to stop by or avoid noisy pedestrian route easy supervision (parents): near the children playground

ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Dustbin
Function: easy access for garbage disposal and collection Types: wall mounted, free standing, removable, big sized where population is high Design/Material depends on: placement and location Method of collection or maintenance Relationship to the surrounding landscape elements Capacity ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Dustbin
Materials commonly used: galvanized sheet metal, aluminium, timber, fibre glass, concrete Location: near pedestrian access, with other facilities such as toilets and recreation area, where people gathers, picnic or relax, not too close to each other to avoid bad odour or flies or bad view of overflow garbage

ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Signage
Principle: standardised design, colour, lettering Location of each signage Suitable size to convey information Signage should not obstruct aesthetic of other elements Types of information: informative, preventive/prohibit, warning Materials depends on: cost, design, durability, maintenance
ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Lighting
Functions: to illuminate dark and insecure areas To provide suitable mood for occasions To illuminate and enhance a focal element or dangerous objects Types: roads and highways illumination/lighting Amenity lighting for pedestrians Decoration
ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Lighting

Design/Materials: Uniformity variety but important factors are safety and comfort Material durable material, weatherproof or vandal proof Maintenance alternative route for pedestrian users during maintenance to avoid mischief

ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Bridge
Functions: To link access from one place to another To avoid dangerous or disturbing element To provide aesthetic value to landscape design Principle: Easy to use and safe Easily seen and built Located at suitable areas or height, not vulnerable to damages Design/Materials: Design variety of design that consider safety and comfort as important factors Material durable, weatherproof or vandal proof Maintenance alternative route for pedestrian or users during maintenance to avoid mischief
ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Bridge

Design/Materials: Design variety of design that consider safety and comfort as important factors Material durable, weatherproof or vandal proof Maintenance alternative route for pedestrian or users during maintenance to avoid mischief
ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Paving

Function: a) To indicate direction by using suitable, comfortable surfaces for pedestrian, compared to surfaces of other area b) To differentiate access vehicles and pedestrian, by using different surface finishes c) Hazard indicator at junctions or meeting points of pedestrians and vehicles. Different material or levels can be adopted d) Stopping point/node focal point for temporary stopping point/pause e) Ownership levels on surface differentiation to indicate area ownerships

ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Paving
Choice of Materials: Cost and availability expensive but low maintenance - easily available from nearest supplier Furnishing & maintenance surface finishes relate to the surrounding or function Safety, sound and light reflection rough finish to avoid and prevent slip soft material with rough finish could reduce and absorb noise/sound sources Dark coloured surface finishes absorb light (avoid light reflection but causing the material to absorb too much heat making material hot)

ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Paving

Pattern/Arrangement: Design continuation use of existing related pattern and arrangement Contrast by arranging a different pattern for new construction accentuate Indicate direction can be arranged to accentuate direction of access Scale bigger area to use pattern but smaller area to use simple pattern

ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Planter box/Flower pots

Function: a) Planting location where unsuitable soil for planting - urban areas with hardscape elements b) Subdivision subdivide spaces into different areas c) Direction indication can be arranged to show direction or access d) Scale provide scale of surrounding landscape

ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Planter box/Flower pots


Design/Materials: a) Water drainage drainage holes b) Size/scale for aesthetic purposes or determined by the surrounding, depend on plant used c) Cost expensive, should be suitable with landscape maintenance and design d) Material easily available, vandal proof, suitable with other landscape elements e) Construction durable with aesthetic value, easily constructed f) Moisture contain able to contain enough water or moisture Placement: a) Lighting suitable area where plants lighting requirement met b) Noisy or hazy areas able to absorb noise, purify air or bad odour c) Pedestrian access avoid from making pedestrian route narrow
ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Steps
Functions: a) To link areas of different levels b) To indicate access Design/Materials: Height avoid design that can cause tiredness or discomfort - uniform steps - landing should be provided for high staircases, - well-thought safety precautions - design continuation suitable with paving material

ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Carving/Sculptures

Functions: a) As an attraction b) To indicate owners wealth c) Conform the design theme/concept

Principle: avoid using symbols or forms that offend the owner (culture/religion) Expensive; should be placed at safe and strategic place Relates to the scale of park, garden

ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Carving/Sculptures

Design/Material: theme/concept relates to park (modern, abstract, classic or traditional) Construction durable material and frame aesthetic value maintain Common material: concrete, aluminium, fiber glass, timber, glass, perspex

ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Shelter/Kiosk
Function: shelter/kiosk for relaxing and gathering Viewing place As an attraction As a node, focal point Design/Material: a) architecture/image relates to existing landscape or building design - relates to national identity or situation b) Material easily available and construct Weather proof c) Location good and pleasant view As a focal point Where an area could secure (shelter) ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Fence, Wall/Retaining Wall


Function: Spaces or areas division Ownership To hinder unpleasant view and odour Security from intruder To prevent soil erosion Design/Material: Architecture/image relates to design objectives, concept of landscape or existing building Material easily available, water proof and durable

ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

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