Acids, Bases, & Salts

ACID
Acid is defined as the substance that releases hydrogen ions in solution. These H+ ions are responsible for the properties of acids. A characteristic property of acids is the sour taste.

What is an ACID?
pH less than 7 Neutralizes bases + Forms H ions in solution Corrosive-reacts with most metals to form hydrogen gas Good conductors of electricity

Types of Acids
Organic (derived from plants & animal sources) & Mineral (derived from minerals) Organic acids are weak in nature Mineral acids are strong and corrosive in nature. E.g. of Organic acid: vinegar, vitamin C, lemon juice E.g. of Mineral acid: HCl, H2SO4.

Some common Acids

Name Acetic Acid Citric Acid Lactic Acid Tartaric Acid Oxalic Acid Formic Acid Stearic Acid Palmitic Acid Source Vinegar Lemons Sour Milk Tamarind Tomatoes Stings of Ants Palm oil /animal fats Palm oil

Acids Generate Ions

HNO3 + H2O H3
+ O

+ NO3

Weak vs. Strong Acids

Weak Acids do not ionize completely: Acetic, Boric, Nitrous, Phosphoric, Sulfurous Strong Acids ionize completely: Hydrochloric, Nitric; Sulfuric, Hydriodic

Common Acids
HCl- hydrochloric- stomach acid H2SO4- sulfuric acid - car batteries HNO3 nitric acid - explosives HC2H3O2- acetic acid - vinegar H2CO3-carbonic acid sodas H3PO4- phosphoric acid -flavorings

BASE
Base is defined as substance which can neutralise an acid to form salt and water by releasing hydroxide ion in solution. These OH- ions are responsible for the properties of base. A characteristic property of the bases is the bitter taste.

What is a BASE?
pH greater than 7 Feels slippery Dissolves fats and oils Usually forms OH ions in solution Neutralizes acids

Weak vs. Strong Bases

Weak Bases: ammonia; potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate Strong Bases: sodium hydroxide; sodium phosphate; barium hydroxide; calcium hydroxide

Common Bases
NaOH- sodium hydroxide (LYE) soaps, drain cleaner Mg (OH)2 - magnesium hydroxide-antacids Al(OH)3-aluminum hydroxide-antacids, deodorants NH4OH-ammonium hydroxide- ammonia

Home Assignment
Write down the names of the common acids and bases. Also write down the sources of these acids & bases.

ACID BASE INDICATORS

Substances that change their colour on addition of an aqueous solution of an acid or base are called acid-base indicators. These help in identifying acid and bases. E.g.: Litmus, Turmeric, Red cabbage leaves extract.

 LITMUS: Litmus is obtained from lichen. Litmus solution is purple in colour and is neutral. When it is added to an acidic solution it turns red Litmus solution + acid Red colour When it is added to an alkaline solution it turns blue Litmus solution + base blue colour Litmus paper is obtained by dipping thin strips of paper in litmus solution.

 TURMERIC is a common ingridient in Indian kitchens and can be used as an indicator. Turmeric powder + basic solution red colour Yellow stains caused due to turmeric turn red when soap (which is alkaline in nature) is applied to it. The red colour of the turmeric can be reduced by washing in large amount of water.

 RED CABBAGE leaves extract: The colour of the extract is red and when added to basic solution it turns green. Extract + basic solution Green colour Extract + acid solution no change / red colour Some flowers also can be used for detecting acid- basic solutions, such as, hydrangea, petunia and geranium. Hydrangea petals turn feom blue to pink in basic or alkaline solutions.

 Petunia turns reddish purple in acidic solution & violet in basic solution. Geranium changes to orange red in acidic solution & blue in basic solution. SYNTEHTIC INDICATORS Methyl Orange is orange coloured dye which turns red in acidic solution and turns yellow in alkaline solution. Phenolphthaline is colourless. In acidic solution, it remains colourless, but when added to alkaline solution it turns pink in colour.

Questions
Q1. You have been provided with two test tubes containing an acidic solution and a basic solution, respectively. If you are given red litmus paper, how you will identify the contents of each test tube? A1. Cut the red litmus paper into three strips and dip each trip in the 2 test tubes. The solution which will be acidic will not change the colour of the paper. The solution which is alkaline will change the colour of the paper to blue.

HOME ASSIGNMENT
Mention the commonly used acid-base indicators. Mention the colour changes for the above listed indicators.

Olfactory Indicators
The substances whose odour changes in acidic or alkaline solutions are called olfactory indicators. Onions have a characteristic smell, which when kept in acidic solution the smell is not lost. But when kept in basic solution the smell is lost. Vanillas odour is lost when added to alkaline solution but it remains the same when added to acidic solution.

REACTIONS OF ACIDS & BASES

Reactions of acids & bases with Metals

Dil. H2SO4 & HCl rxt with most of metals to form H2 gas. Metal + Acid Salt + Hydrogen gas E.g. Zn (s) + H2SO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g) Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) The Metal displaces H from the acids to form H2 gas.

Cu (s) + H2 SO4 (aq) CuSO4 + H2 (g)

is displaced by Cu

Do these examples
Mg (s) + HCl Al + HCl Fe + H2SO4 Na + HCl K + H2SO4 How will you classify the above reactions?

 Metals like Zn, Al react with Sodium hydroxide solution to give off H2 gas Zn + 2NaOH (aq) Na2ZnO2 (aq) + H2 (g) Sodium Zincate 2Al(s) + 2NaOH + 6H2O 2Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2(g)

Acids & Metal Carbonates

Acids react with Metal carbonates & metal hydrogen carbonates to form carbon dioxide gas.
Ca(OH)2 (aq) + CO2 (g) CaCO3 (s) + H2O (l)

CaCO3 formed gives milky nature to the water. When CO2 is passed further, CaCO3 converts to Ca(HCO3)2 (aq), which is soluble in water.

Practice Reactions
NaHCO3 (aq) + H2SO4 (g) CaCO3 (aq) + H2SO4 (g) Na2CO3 + H2SO4 (g)

Reactions of Acids with Bases

An acid reacts with a base to form salt & water. This reaction is called Neutralization. HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) H2SO4 (aq) + Ca(OH)2 (aq) CaSO4 (s) + H2O (l) HNO3 (aq) + KOH (aq) KNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)

Reaction between Acids & Metallic Oxides & Metallic Hydroxides

Metal oxides & hydroxides dissolve in acids to form salt & water. CaO (s) + 2HCl CaCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) Ca(OH)2 + 2 HCl CaCl2 (aq) + 2 H2O (l) CuO (s) + 2 HCl CuCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)

Solve the following reactions

BaO (s) + H2SO4 (aq) CuO (s) + H2SO4 (aq)

Question & Answers

Q1. Why should curd & sour substances not be kept in brass & copper vessels? A1. Curd & sour substances are acidic in nature. Acids react with metals. When curd or any other sour substance is kept in copper or brass utensils, the acidic substance present in the curd or sour substance react with metal of the untesil to form metallic salts. These dissolved metallic salts make both curd & sour substances unfit for consumption.

Home Assignment
Q2. Which gas is liberated when an acid reacts with a metal? Illustrate with help of an example. How is the presence of a gas tested? Hint: M + Acid salt of metal + Gas Gas produced burns with a pop sound. Q3. Metal compound X reacts with dil HCl to produce effervescence. The gas produced extinguishes burning candle. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction if one of the compound formed is calcium chloride.

Q3. Why do HCl & HNO3 show acidic properties in aqueous solutions while solutions of compounds like alcohol & glucose do not show acidic properties? Q4. Why does an aqueous solution of acid conduct electricity?

What is a SALT?
A salt is a neutral substance produced from the reaction of an acid and a base. Composed of the negative ion of an acid and the positive ion of a base. One of the products of a Neutralization Reaction Examples: KCl, MgSO4, Na3PO4

Neutralization Reaction
A neutralization reaction is the reaction of an acid with a base to produce salt and water. Example H2SO4 + NaOH NaHSO4 + H2O

Importance of pH in Everyday Life

Plants & animals are pH sensitive. The living organisms can survive between the pH range of 7.0 to 7.8. Rains have a pH of 5.6; a lesser value of pH would result in an acid rain.

pH in the Digestive System

Mouth-pH around 7. Saliva contains amylase, an enzyme which begins to break carbohydrates into sugars. Stomach- pH around 2. Proteins are broken down into amino acids by the enzyme pepsin. Small intestine-pH around 8. Most digestion ends. Small molecules move to bloodstream toward cells that use them

pH as cause of tooth decay

When pH is lowered below 5.5 in mouth, tooth decay starts. Bacteria present in the mouth produce acids by the degradation of sugar & food particles which causes Calcium phosphate to be corroded.

Question -Answer
Q. What effect does the concentration of H+ (aq) have on the nature of the solution? Hint: More the concentration of H+, lower the pH & vice-versa. Q. Do basic solutions also have H+ ions? If yes, why are these basic? Hint: Yes. In basic solutions H+ conc. is less than OH- ions.

 Q. Under what circumstances should the soil be treated with quick lime or slaked lime? Hint: Quick lime or slaked lime are basic in nature.

SALTS
Salts are formed by the neutralization of acids with bases. E.g. HCl (aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O When any acid (strong or weak) reacts with a base (strong or weak) it results in formation of a salt.

E.g. CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) CH3COONa(aq) + H2O H2SO4(aq) + 2NH4OH(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq) + H2O A salt has two parts; positive (cation) & negative (anion). Cation comes from the base & anion from the acid. Family of Salts Salts with sodium are called family of sodium salts. These would be formed by neutralization with NaOH.

 Similarly, salts obtained from KOH belong to the family of potassium salts. The salts obtained by the reaction with HCl are called family of chloride salts. Salts of a strong acid & base have a pH of 7. Salts of a strong acid & weak base are acidic with pH value less than 7. Salts of weak acid & strong base are basic in nature with pH value of more than 7.

Chemicals from Common Salt

Common salt acts as a raw material for production of many chemicals.

Sodium hydroxide (Caustic Soda)

Sodium hydroxide is produced by the electrolysis of conc. aq. soln. of NaCl (brine) through the process called chloralkali process. It is so called since it results in formation of both Cl2 & NaOH. 2NaCl(aq)+2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq)+Cl2(g)+ H2(g)

 In electrolysis, Cl2 gas is produced at the anode(+ve electrode) & H2 gas is liberated at the cathode(-ve electrode). NaOH is formed near the cathode. Uses of NaOH i) Soaps & detergents ii) Artificial fibre (rayon) iii) Paper manufacturing iv) Degreasing of metals v) Bauxite purification vi) As a bleaching agent with Cl2.

Uses of Cl2 i) In PVC (polyvinylchloride) plastic ii) CFCs iii) Pesticides iv) Bleaching powder Uses of H2 i) As a fuel ii) NH3 pdtion iii) Hydrogen & chlorine combine to give HCl

Bleaching Powder
Cl2 obtained from NaOH pdtion is passed through slaked lime powder Ca(OH)2 to give bleaching powder. Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 2CaOCl2 + H2O Bleaching powder is a mixture of calcium hypochlorite {Ca(OCl)2} & CaCl2. Properties of Bleaching Powder Yellowish white powder with strong smell of Cl. Soluble in water & gives milky nature to water due to Ca(OH)2.

 With passage of time, ability of bleaching powder decreases due to loss of Cl gas. Rxn with CO2 CaOCl2(s) + CO2(g) CaCO3(s) + Cl2(g) Rxn with dil. HCl CaOCl2+ 2 HCl CaCl2 + Cl2 + H2O Rxn with dil. H2SO4 CaOCl2 + H2SO4 CaSO4+Cl2+H2O Uses of Bleaching Powder Bleaching cotton, linen, wood, etc. To make water germ free As an oxidising agent in industries Manufacture of Chloroform

Baking Soda
Baking soda has the chemical name of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and is used to reduce cooking time. NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) +NH3(g) NH4Cl(aq) + NaHCO3(s) Properties: White crystalline powder slightly souble in cold water. Mildly basic in nature with pH of 7.25 7.5. On heating it decomposes to give 2NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3(s) + H2O + CO2

Uses of Baking Soda

For making baking powder, which is a mix. of baking soda with a mild acid such as tartaric acid. NaHCO3+ H+ CO2 + H2O + Na salt with acid CO2 pdd in the rxn causes the bread to rise It is also used as an antiacid As an soda-acid fire extinguisher

Washing Soda
Baking soda on heating gives sodium carbonate which on recrystalisation gives washing soda; Na2CO3.10H2O Na2CO3+10H2O Na2CO3.10H2O Uses of washing soda i) In glass, soap & paper insdutries ii) Used to manufacture salts of sodium such as borax. iii) Domestic cleaning agent iv) To remove permanent hardness of water

Are salts dry in nature?

To test this we can heat a few crystals of coppersulphate in a boiling tube (mking sure that it is dry) You will notice droplets of water at the mouth of the tube indicating presence of H2O in the salts. On heating the blue colour of copper sulphate goes leaving behing a white powder. To this if you add a drop or 2 of water, blue colour returns.

Plaster of Paris
Gypsum on heating at 373 K loses water molecules to give rise to calcium sulphate hemihydrate {CaSO4.1/2 H2O}. The pdt obtained is called Plaster of Paris. When water is added to it, it converts back to gypsum (hard solid Mass) CaSO4.1/2 H2O + 1.5 H2O CaSO4.2H2O

Acids, Bases, and Salts The End