GPRSSYS Ver 2.0

General Packet Radio Services
GPRS
Communications, Inc.
GPRS COURSE OUTLINE:
Introduction to GPRS Introduction to TCP/IP GPRS Architecture GPRS Air Interface GPRS Traffic Management Dimensioning of the GPRS Network Gb Detailed Planning GPRS Parameters Multimedia Messaging Services
INTRODUCTION TO GPRS
CONTENTS: Definition of GPRS Relationship between GPRS and GSM Difference between packet switching and circuit switching Benefits of GPRS Evolution of GSM towards 3G Overview of GPRS network
WHAT IS GPRS? A technique for the mobile network to provide more efficient access to data network from GSM Technology which permits mobile data communication using packet switching techniques
GPRS vs. GSM GSM allows circuit switched (CS) data transfer Connection oriented Set-up connection as in modem Subscriber charged according to time connection TS is held duration of connection GPRS designed as an extension to digital cellular networks Connectionless packet switched (PS) data service Radio resources shared between CS & PS data New terminals are required
Circuit Switch Circuit Switch ex. PSTN, GSM ISDN ex. PSTN, GSM ISDN Characteristics Characteristics constant streams of bit constant streams of bit predictable at deterministic predictable at deterministic rate rate short delay short delay end to end connection end to end connection under-utilized resource under-utilized resource
Application: voice, speech Application: voice speech voice, voice
Packet Switch Packet Switch ex. Internet, X.25, Frame Relay, ex. Internet, X.25, Frame Relay, ATM ATM Characteristics Characteristics piece by piece piece by piece unpredictable chaotic traffic unpredictable chaotic traffic unpredictable delay unpredictable delay no connection no connection shared resource shared resource
Application: WWW, FTP, Email Application: WWW, FTP, Email
CIRCUIT SWITCH vs. PACKET SWITCH Circuit Switched
Packet Switched
CIRCUIT SWITCH vs. PACKET SWITCH

BTS
Circuit Switched
PSTN MSC
BSC
SGSN
GPRS Core
GPRS Backbone IP Network GGSN Internet
Packet Switched
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INTRODUCTION TO GPRS BENEFITS OF GPRS For User new service faster session always connected better charging method resource utilization more revenue stay in competition fast roll-out smooth path to 3G
For Operator
INTRODUCTION TO GPRS EVOLUTION TO 3G

3G
2Mbit/s EDGE 384 Kbit/s GPRS 171.2 Kbit/s

HSCSD 57.6 Kbit/s Circuit Data 9.6 Kbit/s Speech
Pre 1997 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Functionality and Capabilities
10
INTRODUCTION TO GPRS GSM Voice

Radio Network GPRS Core Access Point
BTS BTS
BSC BSC
Internet Corporate Intranet
Shared GSM & GPRS Infrastructure
GPRS Infrastructure
IP World
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GPRS NETWORK OVERVIEW
BSS
SGS N GGS N Interne t
GPRS Bearer
Radio Access Network
GPRS Core Network
Data Network
" GPRS brings packet-switched bearer to GSM "
12
SUMMARY Q & A Differentiate Circuit Switch and Packet Switch What are the benefits of GPRS? Give the evolution path from GSM to 3G networks.
13
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INTRODUCTION TO TCP/IP CONTENTS Comparison of Internet Protocol and OSI model IP Address Concept of Subnetting Routing Table Domain Name System DNS Query
15
INTRODUCTION TO TCP/IP IP AND OSI MODEL 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Application Application Presentation Presentation Session Session Transport Transport Network Network Datalink Datalink Physical Physical OSI-Model
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HTTP, SMTP, HTTP, SMTP, SMNP, FTP, SNMP, FTP, Telnet... Telnet... TCP/UDP TCP/UDP IP IP ? ? ? ? TCP/IP
INTRODUCTION TO TCP/IP IP ADDRESS Dotted Decimal Notation
10101100
128+32+8+4
01000100
64+4
00000111
4+2+1
00000010
2
172
68
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INTRODUCTION TO TCP/IP
SUBNETTING
Address Netmask
192.168.0.1 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0
11000000.10101000.00000000.00000001 11000000.10101000.00000000.00000001 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Subnetwork
192.168.0.0 192.168.0.0
11000000.101010000.0000000.00000000 11000000.1010100.000000000.00000000
Decimal
Binary
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INTRODUCTION TO TCP/IP ROUTING TABLE

Destination 192.168.0.0 192.168.1.0 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.0 Mask 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 0.0.0.0 Next hop Interface Ethernet 0 Tokenring 0 Ethernet 0 Tokenring 0
192.168.0.5 192.168.1.5
192.168.2.0/24 192.168.2.1/24 192.168.0.1/24
Router 1 192.168.1.1/24
Ethernet Tokenring 0 0
192.168.0.0/24 Router 2 192.168.0.5/24
192.168.1.0/24 192.168.1.5/24 Internet
Router 3
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INTRODUCTION TO TCP/IP DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM IP addresses are 32-bit integers. The dotted decimal notation representation is more human friendly. However, long sequences of numbers are still difficult to remember.
There is a need for a higher level representation i.e. Names Need also arises to translate back and forth between names and IP adds.
SOLUTION: DNS Hierarchical Namespace Decentralization through delegation (distribution)

20
INTRODUCTION TO TCP/IP
OFFICIAL INTERNET DOMAINS
com - Commercial organizations edu - Educational institutes mil - Military groups gov - Government institutes net - Major network support centers org - Organizations (non-commercial) int - International organizations Country domains e.g. India = in, Japan = jp, Australia = au, Singapore = sg etc.
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INTRODUCTION TO TCP/IP DNS QUERY

Root DNS server
2. 3.
.com DNS server
4. Local DNS Server 5. 1. 6. 192.168.0.15
nokia.com DNS server
ntc.nokia.com DNS server
http://www.gprs.ntc.nokia.com
HOST 22
gprs.ntc.nokia.com = 192.168.0.15
INTRODUCTION TO TCP/IP SUMMARY Q & A What are the characteristics of an IP address? What is the difference between Static and Dynamic IP address? What is a netmask? What is the function of DNS?
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE CONTENTS GPRS network elements and their functions GPRS network interfaces Principle of GPRS Tunneling GPRS Protocol Stacks
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE
External packet networks
GPRS Core network BSS
Value added services (WAP)
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE
GPRS subnetwork 155.222.33.xxx Internet Router Host 155.222.33.55
Corporate subnetwork 131.44.15.xxx Host 131.44.15.3 Router LAN
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE
BTS
BSC
NMS
Billing SGSN Center GGSN

NMS BG CG FW LIG
SGSN
CG GGSN GGSN
= Serving GPRS Support Node = Gateway GPRS Support Node = Network Management System = Border Gateway = Charging Gateway = Firewall = Lawful Interception Gateway
FW GPRS Backbone BG LIG DNS

Internet Corporate Router Server LAN Operator Services LAN
Intranet
FW
InterPLMN Network
GGSN
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE
GPRS MS CLASSES Class A: Simultaneous GPRS and conventional GSM operation Supports simultaneous circuit switched and GPRS data transfer Class B: Can be attached to both GPRS and conventional GSM services simultaneously Can listen circuit switched and GPRS pages (via GPRS) Supports either circuit switched calls or GPRS data transfer but not simultaneous communication Class C: Alternatively attached in GPRS or conventional GSM No simultaneous operation
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE
BTS BSC BTS BSC BTS Iub
PCU
MSC/VLR
PCU
PSTN Network
HLR/AuC EIR/SMSC Gb SGSN

PAPU
LIG
Border Gateway (BG)
Backbone network (IP based) Gn
Ga
Charging Gateway (CG) Gi
Internet
Gp Inter-PLMN network
GGSN
Fire Wall (FW) Intranet
Domain Name Server (DNS) Communications, Inc.
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE
BTS BSC BTS BSC BTS Iub
MSC/VLR
PSTN Network
PCU
HLR/AuC EIR/SMSC Gb SGSN
PA PU
PCU
LIG
Border Gateway (BG)
Backbone network (IP based) Gn
Ga
Charging Gateway (CG) Gi
Internet
Gp Inter-PLMN network
GGSN
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE
PCU FUNCTIONS GPRS radio resource allocation and management GPRS radio connection establishment and management Data transfer Coding Scheme Selection PCU statistics
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE
BTS BSC BTS BSC
PCU
MSC/VLR
HLR/AuC EIR/SMSC
BTS
Iub
PCU
PSTN Network
Gb
SGSN
Backbone network (IP based)
PA PU
LIG
Ga Gn
Border Gateway (BG)
Charging Gateway (CG)
Internet
Gi
GGSN Fire Wall (FW) Intranet
Gp
Inter-PLMN network
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE SERVING GPRS SUPPORT NODE (SGSN)
MCHU
SMMU
OMU ET Cards PAPU Subunits
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE
SGSN FUNCTIONS
Mobility management Authentication (PAPU/SMMU) Ciphering & compression (PAPU) Protocol conversion GTP tunneling to GGSN Interaction with HLR, MSC/VLR Charging & statistics NMS interfaces
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE
PACKET PROCESSING UNIT (PAPU) Protocol conversion from Gn to Gb interfaces: mean packet switching capacity of 1.3 Mbit/s peak packet switching capacity of 3 Mbit/s. 1 100-BaseT Ethernet connection for Gn up to 64 x 64 kbit/s Frame Relay links for Gb.
Interfaces:
1000 routing areas. Ciphering and compression functions available in the LLC and SNDCP protocols. 7500 connected subscribers. Collects CDRs and sends to MCHU for transmission to CG.
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE
SIGNALLING AND MOBILITY MANAGEMENT UNIT (SMMU) Signaling Provides CCS7 interfaces to NSS network elements (max 24). Handles MTP, SCCP, TCAP, BSSAP+ and MAP protocols. SMS forwarding. Mobility management Visiting GPRS subscriber database can handle a maximum of 30,000 subscribers. IMSI/GPRS attach detach, LA/RA updates, paging, authentication, etc. Storage of 10 triplets per attached subscriber.
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE
SGSN CHARGING Three types of CDRs are generated by the SGSN S-CDR (Session Management) M-CDR (Mobility Management) SMS-CDR (Short Message - MO & MT) CDRs can be transferred to the CG using GTP protocol or can be saved to a ring file on the MCHU in the SGSN
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE
BTS BSC BTS BSC
PCU
MSC/VLR
HLR/AuC EIR/SMSC
BTS
Iub
PCU
PSTN Network
Gb
SGSN
PA PU
LIG
Ga Gn
Border Gateway (BG)
Internet
Gi
GGSN
Gp
Inter-PLMN network
GGSN
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE
GATEWAY GPRS SUPPORT NODE (GGSN) FUNCTIONS
Essentially a router Interfaces to external IP networks GTP tunneling to SGSN Charging & statistics NMS interfaces
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE GGSN FUNCTIONALITY

HLR BTS BSC SS7 SGSN MSC/ VLR
GPRS Core Network
GGSN
Internet
Server Application Layer
USER PAYLOAD GTP UDP IP L2 L1
Tunnelled payload
APP
Transport layer Network layer Public Data Network Layers 1 & 2
TCP/UDP IP L2 L1 GPRS tunnel
GPRS Backbone Layers 1 & 2 41
Transport layer Network layer

GPRS ARCHITECTURE
HLR BTS BSC SS7 SGSN
MSC/ VLR
GGSN GTP tunneling to SGSN Interfaces to external IP networks Charging & statistics NMS interfaces
GGSN FW Internet
SGSN Authentication (triplets/SRES) GTP tunneling to GGSN Ciphering & compression Mobility management Interaction with HLR, MSC/VLR Charging & statistics NMS interfaces
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GPRS Backbone IP Network
GPRS ARCHITECTURE
BTS BSC BTS BSC
PCU
MSC/VLR
HLR/AuC EIR/SMSC
BTS
Iub
PCU
PSTN Network
Gb
SGSN
PA PU
LIG
Border Gateway (BG)
Ga Gn
Internet
Gi
GGSN
Gp
Inter-PLMN network
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE
BORDER GATEWAY FUNCTIONS
Essentially a router similar to GGSN Provides a secure 'tunnel' for transferring data on the inter-PLMN backbone between different operators Supports protocols like BGP-4
44
GPRS ARCHITECTURE
BTS BSC BTS BSC
PCU
MSC/VLR
HLR/AuC EIR/SMSC
BTS
Iub
PCU
PSTN Network
Gb
SGSN
PA PU
LIG
Ga Gn
Border Gateway (BG)
Internet
Gi
GGSN
Gp
Inter-PLMN network
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Domain Name Server (DNS)
GPRS ARCHITECTURE
DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS) SERVER
Standard IP device Converts domain names into IP addresses Based on a hierarchical & distributed model
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE
BTS BSC BTS BSC
PCU
MSC/VLR
HLR/AuC EIR/SMSC
BTS
Iub
PCU
PSTN Network
Gb
SGSN
PA PU
LIG
Ga Gn
Border Gateway (BG)
Internet
Gi
GGSN
Gp
Inter-PLMN network
Fire Wall (FW)

Intranet
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE
FIREWALL FUNCTIONS
Standard IP device Protects against unauthorized access (hackers)
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE
BTS BSC BTS BSC
PCU
MSC/VLR
HLR/AuC EIR/SMSC
BTS
Iub
PCU
PSTN Network
Gb
SGSN
PA PU
LIG
Ga Gn
Border Gateway (BG)
Internet
Gi
GGSN
Gp
Inter-PLMN network
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE
CHARGING GATEWAY (CG) FUNCTIONS
Collects charging data from SGSN & GGSN Processes the charging data & forwards it to the Billing System
50
GPRS ARCHITECTURE
BTS BSC BTS BSC
PCU
MSC/VLR
HLR/AuC EIR/SMSC
BTS
Iub
PCU
PSTN Network
Gb
SGSN
PA PU
LIG Ga
Charging Gateway (CG) Internet
Border Gateway (BG)
Gi
Gn
GGSN
Gp
Inter-PLMN network
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION GATEWAY (LIG) FUNCTIONS
Intercepts user data, MM information, subscriber information etc. Forwards it to Law Enforcement Agency (LEA)
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE IMPACT OF GPRS SYSTEM RELEASE 1 ON EXISTING GSM NETWORK ELEMENTS
SW upgrading in BTS (B12/DF5)
BTS Um BSC SMSC EIR HLR/AuC
SW Upgrade in MSC/VLR and HLR (M9)

MSC
NMS Upgrade T11.5/12 (SW and SNMP Server)
ISDN/PSTN Network
GPRS capable MS
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HW and SW Upgrade in BSC (S9+PCU)
GPRS ARCHITECTURE GSM UPGRADE FOR GPRS RELEASE 1 Network Element BTS (2nd Gen) BTS (Talk/Prime) BTS (MetroSite) BSC MSC NMS NMS
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Software B12 DF5 CX2 (06/00) No S9 M9 T11.5 T12 No
Hardware
No
Support for CS1 & CS2
PCU (for each BCSU) No Server + Workstation Upgrade to HW

GPRS ARCHITECTURE
GGSN REDUNDANCY Two GGSNs providing the same access point Both GGSNs defined in the DNS for this access point DNS gives the GGSN IP address in a round-robin fashion If one GGSN fails, the other one remains up and provides the service If no response from GGSN, try the other address All PDP contexts in the failed GGSN are lost and deleted Mobile needs to re-establish the context.
GPRS Core Network

SGSN
GGSN 1
Intranet
GGSN 2
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DNS
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
CHARGING GATEWAY REDUNDANCY
Redundancy principle is configurable (load sharing, N+1, 2N) Each GSN has a list of CGs that it uses and one marked as primary CG When one CG is out-of-operation or busy, CDR traffic is directed to another CG.
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE
Prim ary CG 1 Prim ary CG 1 2 3 n CG 2 CG x 2 3 n CG 2 CG x Prim ary CG 2 2 3 n CG 1 CG x
Prim ary CG 2 2 3 n CG 1 CG x
GGSN
SGSN SGSN
Operator IP backbone
GGSN
Charging Gateway 1
Charging Gateway 2
Billing System
Dataflow Primary CDR-flow Secondary CDR-flow Communications, Inc.
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE
NETWORK ELEMENTS SGSN GGSN Firewall Ethernet Switch Cisco Catalyst DNS CG Border Gateway DHCP
SOFTWARE SG1 G1 Checkpoint N/A HP-UX 11.00 HP-UX 10.20 BGP4 HP-UX 11.00
HARDWARE DX Platform IP650/740 IP650/740 HP 9000 A class HP K class IP650/740 HP 9000 A class
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE MSC/ VLR GPRS NETWORK INTERFACES SMSHLR EIR GMSC
Signaling and data Signaling
Gs
SGSN BSC
Gr
Gf
Gd Ga
CG
Gc
Ga Gi
GGSN External packet network
Gb
Abis Air (Um)
Gn
Gn
BG
Gp
Inter-PLMN GPRS Backbone
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE
GPRS NETWORK INTERFACES
Gb Gn Gr Gs Gi Gf Gd Gp Ga Gc -
SGSN to BSS between GSNs (GTP) between SGSN and HLR (MAP) SGSN to MSC (BSSAP+) GGSN to external data networks SGSN and the EIR (MAP) SGSN and the GMSC (SMSC) between GSNs of different PLMNs between xGSN and CG GGSN to HLR
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE TUNNELLING The user packets are transported and encapsulated using the GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) over the GPRS backbone. The backbone is an IP network.
User packet
User packet
SGSN
r Use et k pac
GGSN
Use pack r et
Use pack r et
The stream of containers forming a tunnel.
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE
TUNNELLING user data using 'public' IP addresses
IP
IP GTP
GTP
Tunnel
backbone data using private IP addresses IP IP
MS
SGSN
GGSN
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE
TUNNELLING
IP (+TCP/UDP) xGSN IPaddress
THE GTP PACKET Tunnel ID: IMSI+NSAPI User packet
Who is the user & what is the To which xGSN? context?
e.g. a TCP/IP packet carrying e-mail
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE
Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN): acts as the interface between the GPRS network and external networks collects charging data and traffic statistics can allocate IP-addresses for users routes packets coming from external networks towards the correct SGSN and vice versa Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN): converts protocols used in the IP backbone to protocols used in the BSS and the MS takes care of authentication and mobility management routes data to the relevant GGSN when connection to an external network is required collects charging data and traffic statistics.
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE GPRS PROTOCOL STACKS SNDCP = Sub Network Dependent Convergence Protocol (Compression / Reassemble) LLC (Ciphering / Error Correction)
Application IP/ X.25 IP / X.25
SNDCP
SNDCP
GTP
GTP IP
LLC RLC MAC GSM RF
LLC Relay RLC MAC GSM RF Um BSSGP Frame Relay L1bis Gb
LLC BSSGP Frame Relay L1bis
IP
L2 L1 Gn
L2 L1
MS
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BSS
SGSN
GGSN
Gi
GPRS ARCHITECTURE
GPRS PROTOCOL STACKS: SGSN-GGSN, SGSN-SGSN, GGSN-GGSN Based on IP protocol Same protocol stack as for data transfer
GTP UDP IP L2 L1 Gn GTP UDP IP L2 L1
GSN
GSN
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE
PROTOCOL STACKS: SGSN-MS Same lower layers (SNDCP, LLC, RLC, MAC, BSSGP, FR) is used as in data transmission
L3MM SNDCP
L3MM SNDCP
LLC RLC MAC GSM RF
LLC Relay RLC MAC GSM RF Um BSSGP Frame Relay L1bis Gb
LLC BSSGP Frame Relay L1bis
MS
BSS
SGSN
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE
PROTOCOL STACKS: SGSN-HLR/EIR/AuC For accessing HLR, AuC, EIR and handling SMSs
MAP TCAP SCCP MTP3 MTP2 L1 Gr Gd MAP-F MAP TCAP SCCP MTP3 MTP2 L1
SGSN
HLR/ EIR/AuC/ GMSC
68
GPRS ARCHITECTURE
PROTOCOL STACKS: SGSN-MSC/VLR For interworking with GSM services (IMSI attach, Location update, CS paging)
BSSAP+ SCCP MTP3 MTP2 L1 Gs
BSSAP+ SCCP MTP3 MTP2 L1
SGSN
MCS/VLR
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE SUMMARY Q& A Give one GPRS network element and its functions. Name the GPRS network interfaces. What is GTP? Give an example of GPRS protocol.
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GPRS AIR INTERFACE CONTENTS Difference between physical and logical channels GPRS Air Interface logical channels and their functions Coding Schemes GPRS timeslot usage GPRS channel allocation process
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GPRS AIR INTERFACE
Interface between the MS and BSS Major bottleneck in GPRS performance
Uplink Direction
Downlink Direction Um GPRS network
MS
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GPRS AIR INTERFACE
PHYSICAL LAYER
Lowest layer of the GPRS protocol stock Primary function is to provide services for information transfer over a physical channel Physical Layer is split into 2 sub-layers Physical RF layer Physical Link layer
74
GPRS AIR INTERFACE
PHYSICAL RF LAYER
Modulation of RF signals at the transmitter GMSK for GPRS (1 symbol per bit) 8 PSK for EGPRS (1 symbol per 3 bits) Demodulation of RF signals at the receiver
75
GPRS AIR INTERFACE
PHYSICAL LINK LAYER
Framing: Placement of data into burst, frames, radio blocks, etc. Data coding for maximizing the data throughput Detection and correction of errors due to noise in the medium Procedure for detecting the congestion on the air interface Procedure for synchronizing MS and network Procedures for monitoring and evaluation of radio link quality Procedure for cell re-selection Transmitter power control
76
GPRS AIR INTERFACE
WHAT IS A CHANNEL?
In GSM, 25MHz spectrum is frequency divided into 124 * 200 kHz Each 200 kHz band is time-divided into 8 timeslots (TS) Each TS is equivalent to a physical channel in GSM Physical channel vs. Logical channel It is possible to share a TS among many resources Logical channel implies partial use of TS by many sources Each physical channel contains a number of logical channels Traffic channel vs. Control channel Data and Voice are carried in traffic channel (TCH) Control signal are sent in common control channels (CCCH)
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GPRS AIR INTERFACE PHYSICAL CHANNEL

C1 C2 C3 25 MHz C124
0 BCCH
1 TCH
Physical Channel
Traffic and Control channel
1st TS of RF carrier in cell is reserved for CCCH Remaining TS are used for TCH Unused TCH can be used for GPRS
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GPRS AIR INTERFACE LOGICAL CHANNEL GSM FCCH Frequency Correction Channel SCH Synchronisation Channel BCCH Broadcast Control Channel GPRS PBCCH Packet Broadcast Control Channel Broadcasts packet data specific System Information messages MS continuously monitors this GSM BCCH can also be used
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GPRS AIR INTERFACE LOGICAL CHANNEL GSM PCH Paging Channel RACH Random Access Channel AGCH Access Grant Channel
GPRS PPCH (Packet Paging Channel) Can be used for paging both CS & PS services. GSM PCH can also be used. PRACH (Packet Random Access Channel) Used for uplink channel reservation & to obtain TA. GSM RACH can also be used. PAGCH (Packet Access Grant Channel) Used for resource assignment during packet transfer establishment phase. GSM AGCH can also be used. PNCH (Packet Notification Channel) Downlink only channel used for PTM-M notifications to a group of MS before PTM-M packet transfer. Only in GPRS Phase 2.
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Dedicated Channels GPRS AIR INTERFACE LOGICAL CHANNEL GSM SDCCH Stand alone dedicated CCH SACCH Slow Accociated Control Channel FACCH Fast Associated Control Channel TCH EFR/FR/HR Traffic Channel
GPRS PACCH (Packet Associated Control Channel) Bidirectional dedicated channel for transferring ack./power control or resource assignment/reassignment messages. PDTCH (Packet Data Traffic Channel) Bidirectional. Corresponds to the resource allocated to a single MS on one physical channel for user data transmission. PTCCH Packet timing advance Control Channel. Uplink dedicated (for transmission of random access bursts). Downlink common (for transmission of timing advance information to several MSs).
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GPRS AIR INTERFACE GSM LOGICAL CHANNELS USED IN GPRS FCCH (Frequency Correction Channel) Initial synchronization with rough frequency and timing SCH (Synchronization Channel) Network ID, Cell ID (BSIC), and Frame Number BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel) System Information Parameters and Neighboring Cell list Indicates whether or not the Packet Switched Traffic is supported ( and, if yes, .the location of the PBCCH) PCH (Paging Channel) MT Packet Transfer and SMS notification RACH (Random Access Channel) MO Packet Transfer and SMS Location Update and Routing Area Update Cell Update generated by MS
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GPRS AIR INTERFACE TDMA Frame

TS 0 TS 1 TS 2 TS 3 (Frame 0) TS 4 TS 5 TS 6 TS 7 Radio Block 0 Radio Block 1
Radio Block 2 PTCCH Radio Block 3
Radio Block 4
1 Radio Block = 4 Frames = 456 info. bits
Radio Block 5 IDLE Radio Block 6
PDCH multiframe = 52 TDMA Frames
Radio Block 7
Radio Block 8 PTCCH Radio Block 9
Radio Block 10
Radio Block 11 IDLE TS 3 (Frame 51)
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GPRS AIR INTERFACE

52 TDM A frame s
B0
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B9
B10 B11
Ra dio B lock
01 2 3 4 5 6 7 01 2 3 4 5 6 7 01 2 3 4 5 6 7 01 2 3 4 5 6 7
45 6 bits
normal burst 11 4 bits
84
GPRS AIR INTERFACE
GPRS PHYSICAL CHANNEL
The GPRS Physical Channel is called Packet Data Channel (PDCH). The mapping of different GPRS logical channel to a PDCH is achieved by using a multi-frame structure. "The 52 TDMA frame" frame One multi-frame has 12 Radio Block (12 x 4 PDTCHs) 2 idle channels 2 Timing channels (PTCCH)
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GPRS AIR INTERFACE
GPRS PHYSICAL CHANNEL
The Up-link State Flag (USF) is assigned to the MS, telling which Radio Block the MS can use in the up-link. In the down-link, there is an identifier called Temporary Flow Identity (TFI)
86
GPRS AIR INTERFACE GPRS PHYSICAL CHANNEL

B9 B6 B3 B0 B1 B2 US 1 F=
B8
B4
1 0 B B1
1 =3
B7
B8 =2
F US
B4
B7 B9
B3
USF =2: B5 - B 9
USF =1: B0 - B 4
B2
B6
B1
B5
B0
B5
F US
87
GPRS AIR INTERFACE CODING SCHEMES

CS-1 CS-1 9.05 9.05 Kbps Kbps CS-2 13.4 Kbps
CS-3 CS-3 15.6 15.6 Kbps Kbps
CS-4 CS-4 21.4 21.4 Kbps Kbps Data Error Correction
Bundling of up to Bundling of up to 8 Physical Channel 8 Physical Channel
Net transmission rate up to Net transmission rate up to 171.2 Kbps (21.4 **8) 171.2 Kbps (21.4 8)
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GPRS AIR INTERFACE CODING SCHEMES AND MULTIPLE TSL
Channel Coding Scheme
CS1
CS2
CS3
CS4
Single TSL Data Rate 3 TSL Data Rate 8 TSL Data Rate
9.05 kbps 27.15 kbps 72.0 kbps
15.6 kbps
46.8 kbps 124.8 kbps
Coding Scheme is dependent on the C/I As the MS approaches the BTS, higher CS is used
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GPRS AIR INTERFACE
Three types of timeslots are defined on the Um interface:
Dedicated TSL : Only used for GPRS traffic, does not handle CS traffic Default TSL : By default a GPRS TSL, can be dynamically changed CS if CS load is high Additional TSL : CS TSL by default, can be dynamically changed to GPRS if required.
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GPRS AIR INTERFACE GPRS TIMESLOTS Circuit Switched Territory
TRX 1 CCCH
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
TRX 2
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
Packet Switched Territory
Dedicated GPRS Capacity
Territory border moves dynamically based on Circuit Switch traffic load

91
GPRS AIR INTERFACE CHANNEL ALLOCATION Mobile Originated Packet Transfer

MS Network
Packet Channel Request (1)
PRACH or RACH
Need more?
Packet Immediate Assignment + PDCH (2) Packet Resource Request (4)
PAGCH or AGCH
(Optional) Packet Resource Assignment (5) (Optional) Data Transfer - PDTCH (3)
PACCH
PACCH
PDTCH
92
GPRS AIR INTERFACE CHANNEL ALLOCATION Mobile Terminated Packet Transfer
MS in Ready State
Network
Packet Resource Assignment (assign DL PDTCH) PACCH or PAGCH or AGCH
93
GPRS AIR INTERFACE SUMMARY Q & A How many frames and radio blocks are there in a PDCH multiframe? How many users can share the same PDCH timeslot in UL / DL? Which coding schemes does not use FEC? Which logical channels can be used for resource assignment?
94
Introduction to GPRS Introduction to TCP/IP GPRS Architecture GPRS Air Interface GPRS Traffic Management Dimensioning of the GPRS Network GbDetailed Planning GPRS Parameters Multimedia Messaging Services
95
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT CONTENTS GPRS Connection Procedures GPRS Mobility Management GPRS Attach Cell Update Routing Area Update SGSN MSC/VLR Interaction GPRS Session Management PDP Context Activation PDP Context Deactivation SMS Data Transfer Roaming Charging Process
96
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT LOCATION OF SUBSCRIBER RELATED DATA Identity IMSI (SIM, HLR, VLR, SGSN, GGSN) TMSI (VLR, SGSN) IP address (MS, SGSN, GGSN) Location VLR-address (HLR) Location Area (SGSN, VLR) Serving SGSN (HLR, VLR) Routing Area (SGSN) Authentication data Ki, algorithms (SIM, AC) Triplets (VLR, SGSN)
97
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT GPRS CONNECTION PROCEDURES

GPRS Mobility Management (GMM) - Connection to GPRS network Procedures that take care of the mobility of the user such as GPRS attach, updates about the location of the mobile & security. The GMM procedures are similar to the mobility management procedures for circuit switched users.
Session Management (SM) - Connection to IP network Procedures that handle the GPRS MS connection management to external data networks. The process of assigning an IP address for becoming part of the IPnetwork is known as PDP context activation. An MM context must be established between the MS & the SGSN before any SM activities are possible.
98
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT GPRS MOBILITY MANAGEMENT STATES Idle State Subscriber is not attached to the GPRS network No valid MM context of the subscriber e.g. MS switched off
HLR VLR-1 IMSI LAI SGSN ?
IMSI VLR
244...
BSC
SGSN-1
IMSI RA Cell
? ? ?
RA-1 LA-1
99
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT GPRS MOBILITY MANAGEMENT STATES Ready State After successful GPRS Attach Location tracked to the cell level Activation & deactivation of PDP context possible Sending and receiving of SMS is possible MS can receive paging for circuit switched services (optional) Data can not be transferred until a PDP context is activated. After the PDP context activation, the SGSN can send data to the MS without paging at any time. Ready timer expire moves MS to the STANDBY state
100
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT GPRS MOBILITY MANAGEMENT STATES Standby State Subscriber is attached to the MM context Location tracked at RA level If SGSN receives a packet for the MS, it pages in the RA. A PDP context must be active. Activation of PDP context possible. If the MS sends data, it moves to the ready state. MS can receive paging for CS services (optional) The MS Reachable Timer starts ticking when the MS enters the Standby state & the MS is detached (IDLE state) upon its expiry (Implicit detach).
101

MS location not known. Subscriber is not reachable by the GPRS NW.
GPRS MOBILITY MANAGEMENT STATES

IDLE IDLE
GPRS Attach MS location known to cell level. MS is transmitting or has just been transmitting. MS is capable of receiving Point-to-Point data
GPRS Detach
GPRS Attach
GPRS Detach or Cancel Location
READY
Implicit Detach or Cancel Location
READY
PDU transmission READY timer expire or Force to STANDBY
READY timer expiry or PDU reception Force to STANDBY or Abnormal RLC condition
102
MS location known to Routing Area level. MS is capable of being paged for Point-to-Point data
STANDBY
STANDBY
MM State Model of MS
MM State Model of MS in PAPU Communications, Inc.
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Mobility Management - GPRS Attach (1)

HLR SGSN-1
2a
2b
1 1
BSC
RA-1 LA-1
(1) MS requests GPRS attach (2a) The MS is not known in the PLMN so the SGSN requests subscriber identity (first time) (2b) The MS sends its IMSI.
103
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT GPRS Attach (2) - Authentication

3b 3a HLR
SGSN-1
3c 3d BSC
RA-1 LA-1
(3a) SGSN requests triplets from HLR (3b) The AC generates the triplets and hands them to the SGSN (3c) The SGSN sends an Authentication Request to the MS (3d) MS sends back the Authentication Response The SGSN performs the authentication
104
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT GPRS Attach (3) - IMEI check

4d EIR
SGSN-1
4c
4a 4b BSC
RA-1 LA-1
(4a) SGSN asks for the MS IMEI (4b) MS sends the IMEI (4c) SGSN sends a Check IMEI message to the EIR (4d) EIR replies with a Check IMEI ack that will include the list type
105
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Mobility Management - GPRS Attach (4)

5d 5b SGSN-1 5a 5c HLR
6a BSC 6b
RA-1 LA-1
(5a) SGSN sends an Update location message to the HLR with the IMSI (5b) The HLR responds by giving subscriber data to the SGSN (5c) The SGSN acknowledges that it has received the subscriber data ok (5d) The HLR ends the transaction with an Update Location acknowledge (6a) The SGSN accepts the GPRS attach and sends the MS a new P-TMSI (6b) The MS acknowledges that it has received the new P-TMSI
106
GPRS MOBILITY MANAGEMENT Location Management Location management procedures are a group of mobility management procedures that are used to handle the changing of a cell or a routing area e.g. MS moving from cell to cell while transferring or receiving packet data MS moving from one Routing Area to the other in Standby state
107
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Cell Update (Cell Reselection)

SGSN-1
BSC-1
RA-1 Old cell New cell
The MS performs a Cell Update when it changes cell within a routing area in READY mode. This could be compared to a handover in GSM for CS connections Cell update halts possible reception or sending of data (data is buffered in SGSN or lost and has to be resent)
108
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Routing Area Update
SGSN-1
BSC-1
RA-2 RA-1 Old cell New cell
When the MS changes cell between the different routing areas, it performs a Routing Area Update. There are two types of routing area updates, the Intra-SGSN Routing Area Update and the Inter-SGSN Routing Area Update
109
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Intra SGSN Routing Area Update (1)

HLR
SGSN
GGSN
BSC New RA LA-1

110
MS is listening to information broadcast by cells MS decides to select a new cell in a different Routing Area (1) Routing Area Update request message is sent by the MS to the SGSN

HLR
SGSN
GGSN
BSC New RA LA-1
2 a
2 b
Authentication 2a : Triplet 2b : SRES

111

HLR
SGSN
GGSN
3 2 BSC New RA LA-1 4
(3) SGSN checks that the MS is allowed to attach to the RA & sends the Routing Area Update Accept message that may include a new P-TMSI (4) Routing Area Update Complete message
112
PERIODIC ROUTING AREA UPDATE
If an MS stays a long time at the same place, the network has to receive an indication that the MS is still reachable. All the MSs attached to the GPRS network will perform a periodic Routing Area Update.
113
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Inter-SGSN Routing Area Update
SGSN-1
SGSN-2
BSC-1
BSC-2
RA-3 RA-2 Old cell New cell
114
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Inter-SGSN Routing Area Update
Most complex case is Inter-SGSN Routing Area update MS sends Routing Area update request to new SGSN New SGSN asks from old SGSN the context of the MS New SGSN updates GGSNs New SGSN updates HLR HLR cancels the context in old SGSN HLR loads the subscriber data to new SGSN New SGSN acknowledges to the MS
115
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SGSN & MSC/VLR interaction
The optional Gs interface between SGSN & MSC/VLR enables more efficient use of network resources Combined GPRS/IMSI Attach and Detach Combined RA/LA update Circuit switched paging via GPRS network Non-GPRS alerts : reporting activity of MS to MSC/VLR Identification procedure : SGSN may interrogate the MS on behalf of VLR to collect some information (e.g. IMEI) MM Information procedure : MM information (e.g. local time zone) may be passed to the MS via the SGSN
116
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SESSION MANAGEMENT PDP CONTEXT ACTIVATION

Process of assigning an IP address for becoming a part of the IP network One or more addresses can be assigned to an IMSI (MS). Contains mapping and routing information for transferring PDUs between MS and GGSN. Information includes: IP address, Access Point Name, QoS, Radio Priority.etc. Static addresses: address allocated by operator to an MS permanently and this address is stored in the HLR. Dynamic addresses: GGSN dynamically allocates and releases addresses as PDP contexts are activated and deactivated.
117
PDP Context Tables Mobile Station PDP Type PDP Address NSAPI APN ... SGSN PDP Type PDP Address IMSI NSAPI APN GGSN Address Charging ID ... GGSN PDP Type PDP Address IMSI NSAPI APN SGSN Address Charging ID ...
118
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PDP context activation Overview SGSN 3a 1. Activate PDP context request 1 2. Auth. /IMEI check (optional) 3a. Create PDP context request 3b. Create PDP context response 4. Activate PDP context accept GGSN
3b
BSC RA-1 LA-1
119
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PDP Context Activation - 1

1. MS sends "Activate PDP Context Request" to SGSN
Access Point Name PDP Type (IP) PDP Address (empty = dynamic) QoS & other options
HLR BTS BSC
2
SS7 SGSN DNS GPRS Core Network
1
APN= "Intranet.Ltd.com"
2. SGSN checks Subscription data

Access Point Name Dynamic / static IP address
Access Point
GGSN
Intranet
Internet
120
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PDP Context Activation - 2: Finding the GGSN

3.
SGSN gets the GGSN IP address from DNS APN maps to the GGSN IP address
4. SGSN sends "Create PDP Context Request" to GGS

BTS BSC
PDP Type (e.g. IP) PDP Address (if empty=> dynamic address) Access Point Name QoS & other options
SGSN
3
GPRS Core Network
DNS
Access Point
GGSN
Intranet
Internet
121
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PDP Context Activation 3 Access Point Selection

Access Point Name refers to the external network the subscriber wants to use Physical/logical interface in GGSN
BTS BSC
Access Point configuration in GGSN defines where to connect the user

SGSN DNS GPRS Core Network GGSN Internet APN= "Intranet.Ltd.com" Intranet
122
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PDP Context Activation 4 Context Activated

User authenticated OK (non-transparent case) User dynamic IP address allocated by RADIUS server, or DHCP server, or GGSN internal pool
5. GGSN sends "Create PDP Context Response" back to SGSN

BTS BSC
6
SGSN
6. SGSN sends "Activate PDP Context Accept" to the MS SGSN now ready to route user traffic
between GGSNand GGSN Intranet MS
GPRS Core Network
Internet
123
GPRS Attach
MOBILITY MANAGEMENT PROCEDURE Establishes a logical link between the MS and the SGSN. Makes the MS available for SMS over GPRS, paging via SGSN,
and notification of incoming GPRS data.
Transmission of user data is not possible

PDP Context Activation
SESSION MANAGEMENT PROCEDURE IP address is assigned to the MS. Makes the MS known in the corresponding GGSN.
124
PDP CONTEXT DEACTIVATION
The MS or the network can deactivate a PDP context. Every address can be deactivated separately, but performing a GPRS Detach will automatically remove all the PDP contexts.
125
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SMS data transfer a) MSC address b) SGSN address 2)
4a)
HLR MSC 3a) 1) SMS
3b)
4b)
G-MSC
SMSC
SGSN
126
2). Send routing info. for Short Message (GMSC-HLR) Send routing info. for Short Message result (HLR-GMSC)
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Roaming : Connection options
SGSN
Singapore GPRS Backbone
Gp
Inter-PLMN Backbone
BG BG
GGSN GGSN
Gi
Internet
Gp
BG BG HOME Operator GPRS
GGSN GGSN
Gi
Embassy Intranet
127
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Roaming Alternatives for data and signalling connections between operators when roaming (for Gp interface)
Border Gateway OPERATOR 1 Router Router Border Gateway Secure Firewall Firewall MoU Packet operated network Inter-operator backbone Border Gateway OPERATOR 2 Firewall Router
Firewall OPERATOR 5 Router
Border Gateway Border Gateway OPERATOR 3 Router Secure Firewall ROAMING VIA TRANSIT NETWORK, e.g.: - OP3 - OP2 via OP1 - OP1 - OP4 via OP5
Router Firewall
Packet network INTERNET
Border Gateway
Border Gateway
Firewall Router
DIRECT ROAMING: - OP1 - OP2 - OP2 - OP5 - OP1 - OP5 - OP5 - OP4 - OP1 - OP3
OPERATOR 4
128
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Roaming case 1

Visitor
CLEARING CCB CCB CG SGSN

Operator A IP backbone
CG SGSN
Operator B IP backbone VISITING NETWORK
HOME NETWORK
Border Gateway GGSN APN GGSN APN
Internet
129
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Roaming case 2

Visitor
CLEARING CCB CG CCB
SGSN
CG SGSN
Operator B IP backbone
HOME NETWORK
Operator A IP backbone
Border Gateway GGSN APN GGSN APN
VISITING NETWORK
Internet
130
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Context Activation for a Roaming User (0) Visited Operator
DNS DNS .GPRS DNS BG Inter-PLMN GPRS Backbone
SGSN SGSN
DNS HOME
BG HOME Operator GPRS
GGSN
131
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Context Activation for a Roaming User (1) Visited Operator, Singapore 3 Singapore GPRS SGSN Backbone SGSN BG 1 BG HOME Operator GPRS Inter-PLMN GPRS Backbone
DNS DNS .GPRS DNS
DNS HOME
GGSN
Embassy Intranet
GSM OPERATOR, Finland

132
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Context Activation for a Roaming User (2) Visited Operator, Singapore Singapore GPRS Backbone 5 BG 4 Inter-PLMN GPRS Backbone
DNS DNS .GPRS .GPRS DNS DNS
SGSN
DNS HOME
BG HOME Operator GPRS
GGSN
Embassy Intranet
GSMOPERATOR, Finland
133
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Context Activation for a Roaming User (3) Visited Operator, Singapore Singapore GPRS Backbone BG 6 BG HOME Operator GPRS 7
DNS DNS .GPRS DNS
SGSN
Inter-PLMN GPRS Backbone
DNS DNS HOME HOME

134
GGSN
Embassy Intranet
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Context Activation for a Roaming User (4) Visited Operator, Singapore 8 Singapore GPRS SGSN Backbone SGSN BG 9 BG HOME Operator GPRS Inter-PLMN GPRS Backbone
DNS DNS .GPRS DNS
DNS HOME
GGSN GGSN
Embassy Intranet
135
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT The Data Flow in a Roaming Case Visited Operator, Singapore Singapore GPRS Backbone BG Inter-PLMN Backbone BG HOME Operator GPRS GGSN Embassy Intranet
SGSN
136
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Charging of GPRS services
GTP'
SGSN
Charging gateway
Billing System
Nokia GPRS Charging Gateway:
GTP'
GGSN
* receives CDRs generated by SGSN and GGSN * consolidates and merges CDRs to a suitable format for BS
Border Gateway
Inter operator IP network
Internet
137
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT GGSN Charging Functions
GGSN CDR (PDP context data) : GCDR Start collection: - PDP context activation Stop collection: - PDP context deactivation Collected information e.g. - Traffic volumes uplink/downlink - QoS negotiated - Duration - SGSN & GGSN address - Access Point Name
SGSN
CG
GGSN
G-CDRs
Internet
138
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT GGSN Charging Functions

SGSN CDR (PDP context data) : S-CDR Start collection: - PDP context activation Stop collection: - PDP context deactivation Collected information e.g. - Traffic volumes uplink/downlink - QoS requested/negotiated - Duration - SGSN & GGSN address - Access Point Name Mobility Management CDR : M-CDR Start collection: - GPRS activation / Incoming SGSN RA update Stop collection: - GPRS deactivation / Outgoing SGSN RA update Collected information - Location changes
Internet
S-CDRs M-CDRs SMS-CDRs
SGSN
CG
GGSN
139

Press MS BTS Channel Req G starts blinking Immidiate Assignment Attach Request Attach Accept MS Res Time G is steady Activate PDP Context Request Create PDP Cntxt Req GGSN Response Time G is BOX PDP Context Accept Create PDP Cntxt Accpt Set-up Time BSC SGSN GGSN
Message Sent
DATA Transfer
Detach Rerquest Antenna Detach Accept
140
GPRS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SUMMARY Q&A What are the 2 GPRS connection procedures? What are the 3 Mobility Management states? Give an example of GPRS Mobility Management Procedure. Give an example of GPRS Session Management Procedure. Who can initiate GPRS Detach?
141
Introduction to GPRS Introduction to TCP/IP GPRS Architecture GPRS Air Interface GPRS Traffic Management imensioning of the GPRS Network D GbDetailed Planning GPRS Parameters Multimedia Messaging Services
142
DIMENSIONING OF GPRS NETWORK
CONTENTS BSC Dimensioning Gb Link Dimensionning SGSN Dimensioning
143
BSC Dimensioning The objective is to define the number of active PCUs per BSC Gb Interface Link Dimensioning The objective is to define the number 64 kbit/s links required per BSC SGSN Dimensioning The objective is to define the number of SGSNs and their configuration level in terms of PAPUs
Gb BSC SGSN Frame Relay BSS PCU PAPU GPRS
144

GPRS DIMENSIONING
Things we need to know before the Gb interface planning: Estimated subscriber volume Estimated GPRS traffic Estimated number of TCHs/cell used by GPRS on average Number os BSCs The figures above are based on Busy Hour estimations BSC is fully equipped with PCUs (=passive) for redundancy One PCU installed in each BCSU (8+ PCUs/BSC) Certain number of the PCUs is activated according to dimensioning criteria Active PCUs are connected to SGSN over the Gb interface
145
BSC Dimensioning The objective is to define the number of active PCUs per BSC.
Gb Interface Link Dimensioning The objective is to define the number 64kbps links required per BSC.
SGSN Dimensioning The objective is to define the number of SGSNs and their configuration level in terms of PAPUs.
BSC BSS
146
Gb Frame Relay
SGSN GPRS
Dimensioning Criteria for the number of active PCUs: 1. Each BSC in GPRS coverage area has to contain at least one active requirement (minimum requirement) 2. PCU supports up to 256 TCHs in maximum 64 cells * 64 cells supported, if there are 4 GPRS capable TCHs / cell * 32 cells supported, if there are 8 GPRS capable TCHs / cell * 1 cell supported, if there are 256 GPRS capable TCHs / cell ( unrealistic ) 3. PCU Data processing capacity 2 Mbps
147
INPUT CALCULATION S RESULT
3 BSC (with capacity of 128 TRXs) Coverage area contains 60 BTS sites, each having 2+2+2 cell/TRX configuration, 2 TCHs/TRX used by GPRS on average Estimated GPRS traffic 15 Mbit/s + 16% Overhead = 17.4
1. Minimum requirement : 3 BSC => 3 PCUs required 2. 4 TCHs/cell used by GPRS => PCU supports 64 cells ( 256/4 ) PCUs required : 180 / 64 = 2.8 => 3 PCUs required 3. GPRS traffic : 17.4 Mbit/s / 2 Mbit / s = 8.7 => 9 PCUs required
Take the biggest of the results above, I.e. 9 PCUs required in total
148
BSC
149
Gb Frame Relay
SGSN
Communications, Inc. GPRS
BSS
Frame Relay traffic is carried in logical 64kbps PCM timeslots Each PCU has its own separate Gb interface connection, i.e. FR bearer channel Capacity: n*64 kbit/s, where n=131. 64 kbit/s1.984 Mbit/s ( E1 speed )
At least one 64 kbit/s PCM TSL is required per active PCU
150
DIMENSIONING OFDimensioning Rules GPRS NETWORK
Gb Link Dimensioning
Dimensioning criteria for the number of 64 kbit/s links: 1. At least two 64 kbit/s channels per active PCU is recommended (due to bursty nature of data) 2. Dimensioning is based on estimated GPRS traffic during the Busy Hour, + the estimated overhead on the Gb interface traffic.
151
INPUT CALCULATION S
Total number of PCUs in BSCs : 9 PCUs Estimated total GPRS traffic during the BH : 15 Mbit/s Overhead correction: +16% Packet size of 400 bytes assumed 15 Mbit/s * 16% = 17.4 Mbit /s
1. Two 64 kbit/s links per PCU ( 9 * 2 ) 2. GPRS traffic : 17.4 Mbit/s / 64 kbit/s = 271.9
=> 18 links => 272 links
RESULT
Take the bigger of the results above, i.e. 272 links (a 64 kbit/s) required in total (equals to 9 E1 PCM links)
152

Gb TOPOLOGY 1
Abis
BSC MUX
MSC / SGSN site Transcoder MSC
BSC Frame Relay 2 Mbps PCM Ater + Frame Relay Ethernet Switch SGSN GGSN #1 GGSN #2
BSC
153
Gb Interface

Gb TOPOLOGY 2
Abis
BSC
MSC / SGSN site Transcoder MSC
BSC
FR switch Frame Relay Ethernet Switch GGSN #1
SGSN
BSC
Packet Data Network FR switch Gb Interface
GGSN #2
154

Gb TOPOLOGY 3
Abis
BSC
MSC / SGSN site

Transcoder MSC
BSC
Ethernet Switch
BSC
2 M PCM Links
SGSN GGSN #1 GGSN #2
Frame Relay
155
Gb Interface

Gb TOPOLOGY 4
Abis
BSC
MSC / SGSN site

Transcoder Voice MSC
BSC
Ethernet Switch 2M E1 PCM FR SGSN GGSN #1 GGSN #2
BSC
156
Gb Interface
BSC
157
Gb Frame Relay
SGSN GPRS
BSS
SGSN DIMENSIONING
Data processing capacity of fully equipped SGSN : The objective is to define the number of active PCUs per BSC. Gb Interface Link Dimensioning The objective is to define the number 64kbps links required per BSC.
96-SS7 signaling link interfaces (a 64 kbit/s, 24 in each SMMU)
158
SGSN Basic Unit

4 PAPUs, 1 SMMU 4 PAPUs, 1 SMMU
12 Mbit/s 30 000 subscriber 256 Gb IF (64 kbit/s) 24 Mbit/s 60 000 subscriber 512 Gb IF (64 kbit/s) 36 Mbit/s 90 000 subscriber 768 Gb IF (64 kbit/s) 48 Mbit/s 120 000 subscriber 1024 Gb IF (64 kbit/s)
Extension units
4 PAPUs, 1 SMMU 4 PAPUs, 1 SMMU
159
Dimensioning Criteria for the number of SGSN : 1. Subscriber capacity : 120,000 subscribers simultaneously 2. Data processing capacity : 48 Mbit/s 3. Capacity of 64 kbit/s Gb interfaces : 1024
160
Estimated subscriber volume : ( simultaneously attached during the BH ) Estimated total GPRS traffic during the BH : with the overhead correction : Number of 64 kbit/s Gb links :
80 000 subscribers 15 Mbit/s 17.4 Mbit/s 272
RESUL T
CALCULATION S
INPUT
1. Subscriber capacity : 1 SGSN with Basic Unit + 2 Extension Units 2. Data capacity : 1 SGSN with Basic Unit + 1 Extension Unit 3. Gb I/F capacity : 1 SGSN with Basic Unit + 1 Extension Unit
Take the biggest of the results above, i.e. 1 SGSN with basic Unit + 2 Extension Units required
161
DIMENSIONING OF GPRS NETWORK Gb Interface Traffic Analysis

DATA IP SNDCP LLC BSGGP NS FR
Packet of Variable size
PROTOCOL
HEADER SIZE (oct)
REFERENCE
IP SNDCP LLC BSGGP NS FR TOTAL
24 4 9 30 4 6 77
RFC 791 GSM 04.65 GSM 04.64 GSM 08.18 GSM 08.16 GSM 03.60
Overhead generated by the protocol layers on the Gb interface
E.g.
77 oct
Percentage of overhead in GPRS traffic on the Gb interface (as a function of Packet size)
Overhead (%)
= 16 % 77 oct + 400 oct
50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 100 200 300 400 500 750 1000 1250 1500
Packet length (octets) 162

DIMENSIONING OF GPRS NETWORK SUMMARY Q&A
What is the capacity of 1 PCU? What is Gb link? What is capacity of the SGSN rel. 1?
163
Introduction to GPRS Introduction to TCP/IP GPRS Architecture GPRS Air Interface GPRS Traffic Management imensioning of the GPRS Network D Gb Detailed Planning GPRS Parameters Multimedia Messaging Services
164
Gb Transmission Topology
165
166
167
168
Gb Detailed Plan Parameters
169
Gb Planning Considerations
170
Gb Planning Recommendations
171
Basic Configuration
172
NS-VC Link
173
NS-VC Redundancy & Load Sharing
174
Introduction to GPRS Introduction to TCP/IP GPRS Architecture GPRS Air Interface GPRS Traffic Management imensioning of the GPRS Network D GbDetailed Planning GPRS Parameters Multimedia Messaging Services
175
BSS Parameters
Parameter Name 1. Enabling of GPRS BSC_GPRS_PARAM_ENABLED GPRS ENABLE (GENA) GPRS ENABLED TRX (GTRX) 2. GPRS Territory GPRS Territory Update Guard Time (GTUGT) Dedicated GPRS Capacity (CDED)
Range
Smart Setting
Y/N Y/N Y/N 0255 sec 0100%
Y Y Y (2 TRX) 5 sec 1% - entire network except Makati (2 GPRS dedicated timeslots) 24% (cells with >1 TRX) 50% (1 TRX) N GSM GSM GSM GSM 13 9 900: 7 1800: 8 900: 34 1800: 36
Default GPRS Capacity (CDEF) Prefer BCCH Frequency GPRS (BFG) 3. Power Control Binary Presentation Alpha (ALPHA) Binary Presentation Gamma (GAMMA)
0100% Y/N 010 010
Transfer mode signal strength filter period (TFP) 025 Idle mode signal strength filter period (IFP) 025
176
BSS Parameters
Parameter Name
Smart Preferred Values
Remarks
4. Routing Areas Routing Area Code (RAC) 5. Coding Schemes PCU_CS_HOPPING PCU_UL_BLER_CP_HOPPING PCU_DL_BLER_CP_HOPPING PCU_CS_NON_HOPPING PCU_UL_BLER_CP_NON_HOPPING PCU_DL_BLER_CP_NON_HOPPING PCU_UL_LA_RISK_LEVEL PCU_DL_LA_RISK_LEVEL 6. Paging Coordination Network Mode of Operation (NMO) 7. Other Parameters T3168 T3192 BS CV Max Pan Dec
255
Implemented
0 24% 20% 2 90% 90% 10% 20%
Not Implemented Not Implemented Not Implemented Not Implemented Not Implemented Not Implemented Not Implemented Not Implemented
Implemented
1 second 0.5 second 6 1
Implemented Implemented Implemented Implemented
177
SGSN Parameters
Parameter Name IMEI check mode (ICHM) Authentication Mode (AUM) PTMSI Signature Mode (PSMO) Ciphering Mode in Use (CIPINUSE) Ciphering Mode after system restarts
Definition
defines if IMEI check is performed by SGSN defines if Authentication is performed by SGSN defines the usage of PTMSI signature defines if the data between MS and the network is ciphered defines whether ciphering is ON and OFF after system restarts
Smart Setting OFF ON ON ON ON
178
SGSN Parameters
Parameter Name Ready State Timer (RTY)
Definition defines how long the MS and SGSN MM context remain in ready state. defines the timer for triggering a network originated detach for the subscriber if no interaction with the network is made. defines the timer for the MS to trigger periodic routing arae update. defines whether the SGSN should command the MS to change its state to standby after mobility management procedures. defined as the time wherein the data of the detached subscriber is stored in the visiting subscriber database of the SGSN
Smart Setting 44 seconds
MS Reachable Timer (MSRT)
60 minutes
Periodic RA Update (PRAU)
54 minutes
Force to Standby (FTS)
Detached Subscriber Storage Time
1 day
179
Introduction to GPRS Introduction to TCP/IP GPRS Architecture GPRS Air Interface GPRS Traffic Management imensioning of the GPRS Network D GbDetailed Planning GPRS Parameters ultimedia Messaging Services M
180
What is MMS?
After SMS, MMS Multimedia Messaging Service, is supposed to be the next big thing for mobile phone operators. Multimedia Messaging Service Text combined with rich content types Images (JPEG, GIF and Animated GIF) Voice clips Audio clips (AMR) (WAV, MIDI) (MPEG)
Video clips (future)
Subscriber addressing based on MSISDN or email address
181
Services
Person to Person Messaging (MMS to MMS)
182
Person to Person Messaging

MMS Subscriber A will take a picture using his mobile phone
MMS Subscriber B receives MMS
MMS Subscriber A will send multimedia message to MMS Subscriber B
MMS
183
MMS
MSISDN-A Press send. Initiate WAP session.
Internet
Terminal Gateway
Hello, there!
WAP Gateway
MMSC
Hello, there!
GSM/ GPRS
SMSC MMS Terminal-A sends multimedia message to MMS Terminal-B.
Sending of multimedia messages to MMS capable phone
184
MSISDN-B
Internet
Terminal Gateway
WAP Gateway
MMSC
Hello, there!
GSM/ GPRS
SMSC MMS Terminal-A sends multimedia message to MMS Terminal-B.
185
Internet
Terminal Gateway
WAP Gateway
MMSC
Hello, there!
GSM/ GPRS
SMSC MMS Terminal-B receives WAP Push SMS notification for receipt of multimedia message.
Retrievi ng messag e
WAP Push
186
MSISDN-B
MSISDN-A
Internet
Terminal Gateway
GSM/ GPRS
Fetch msg. Initiate WAP session.
WAP Gateway
MMSC
Hello, there!
SMSC MMS Terminal-B initiates automatic WAP session via GPRS to retrieve multimedia message located in the MMSC.
Hello, there!
Receiving of multimedia messages to MMS capable phone
187
MSISDN-B
MSISDN-A
Internet
Terminal Gateway
GSM/ GPRS
WAP Gateway
MMSC
SMSC Multimedia message will be displayed on MMS terminal.
Hello, there!
Receiving of multimedia messages to MMS capable phone
188
Services
Person to Person Messaging (MMS to Legacy)
189
MMS Subscriber A will take a picture using his mobile phone
Legacy Subscriber B receives SMS notification
MMS Subscriber A will send multimedia message to Legacy Subscriber B
MMS
190
Legacy
Internet
Terminal Gateway
Hello, there!
WAP Gateway
MMSC
Hello, there!
GSM/ GPRS
SMSC MMS Terminal-A sends multimedia message to non-MMS Terminal-B.
Sending of multimedia messages to a non-MMS capable p

191
MSISDN-B
Internet
Terminal Gateway
WAP Gateway
MMSC
Hello, there!
GSM/ GPRS
SMSC MMS Terminal-A sends multimedia message to non-MMS Terminal-B.

192
MSISDN-B
Internet
Terminal Gateway
WAP Gateway
MMSC
Hello, there!
GSM/ GPRS
SMSC SMSC send to Terminal-B legacy phone the WAP Push SMS notification for receipt of multimedia message. WAP Push

193
MSISDN-B
MSISDN-A
Internet
Terminal Gateway
WAP Gateway
MMSC
Hello, there!
GSM/ GPRS
SMSC MMS Terminal-B ignored the WAP push SMS since it doesnt recognize the message. MMSC retries sending the WAP push SMS and start timer. WAP Push

194
MSISDN-B
MSISDN-A
Internet
Terminal Gateway
Hello, there!
WAP Gateway
MMSC
Hello, there!
GSM/ GPRS
SMSC No response from terminal within predefined time, which is set to 10 minutes. MMSC will now assume that the MSISDN-B is a legacy phone. MMSC will send a copy of the MMS message to TGW.

195
MSISDN-B
MSISDN-A
Internet
Terminal Gateway
Hello, there!
WAP Gateway
MMSC
Hello, there!
GSM/ GPRS
SMSC TGW will send SMS to Non-MMS terminal B containing URL, Username, Password for Web retrieval.
Message ID + Password + URL
Regular 160-char WAP push SMS

196
MSISDN-B
Web Interface Support for Legacy Phone
Hi, there!
Message ID + Password + URL
Subscriber will use URL received to go to SMARTs Multimedia Portal. Using the username and password received from SMS Push, subscriber can log-in to the portal. Subscriber can now read multimedia messages received.
Viewing of multimedia messages via the Web

197
Thank You!
198

GPRSSYS Ver 2.0

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General Packet Radio Services

GPRS COURSE OUTLINE:

CIRCUIT SWITCH vs. PACKET SWITCH Circuit Switched

CIRCUIT SWITCH vs. PACKET SWITCH

INTRODUCTION TO GPRS EVOLUTION TO 3G

2Mbit/s EDGE 384 Kbit/s GPRS 171.2 Kbit/s

Functionality and Capabilities

INTRODUCTION TO GPRS GSM Voice

Internet Corporate Intranet

Shared GSM & GPRS Infrastructure

GPRS NETWORK OVERVIEW

SGS N GGS N Interne t

Radio Access Network

GPRS Core Network

" GPRS brings packet-switched bearer to GSM "

GPRS COURSE OUTLINE:

INTRODUCTION TO TCP/IP IP ADDRESS Dotted Decimal Notation

192.168.0.1 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0

11000000.10101000.00000000.00000001 11000000.10101000.00000000.00000001 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

INTRODUCTION TO TCP/IP ROUTING TABLE

192.168.2.0/24 192.168.2.1/24 192.168.0.1/24

192.168.1.0/24 192.168.1.5/24 Internet

SOLUTION: DNS Hierarchical Namespace Decentralization through delegation (distribution)

OFFICIAL INTERNET DOMAINS

INTRODUCTION TO TCP/IP DNS QUERY

.com DNS server

4. Local DNS Server 5. 1. 6. 192.168.0.15

nokia.com DNS server

ntc.nokia.com DNS server

GPRS COURSE OUTLINE:

External packet networks

GPRS Core network BSS

Value added services (WAP)

GPRS subnetwork 155.222.33.xxx Internet Router Host 155.222.33.55

Corporate subnetwork 131.44.15.xxx Host 131.44.15.3 Router LAN

Billing SGSN Center GGSN

FW GPRS Backbone BG LIG DNS

HLR/AuC EIR/SMSC Gb SGSN

Border Gateway (BG)

Backbone network (IP based) Gn

Charging Gateway (CG) Gi

Fire Wall (FW) Intranet

Domain Name Server (DNS) Communications, Inc.

Border Gateway (BG)

Backbone network (IP based) Gn

Charging Gateway (CG) Gi

Fire Wall (FW) Intranet

Domain Name Server (DNS) Communications, Inc.

Border Gateway (BG)

Charging Gateway (CG)

Domain Name Server (DNS) Communications, Inc.

GPRS ARCHITECTURE SERVING GPRS SUPPORT NODE (SGSN)

OMU ET Cards PAPU Subunits

Border Gateway (BG)

Charging Gateway (CG)

Fire Wall (FW) Intranet

Domain Name Server (DNS) Communications, Inc.

GATEWAY GPRS SUPPORT NODE (GGSN) FUNCTIONS

GPRS ARCHITECTURE GGSN FUNCTIONALITY

GPRS Core Network

Server Application Layer

USER PAYLOAD GTP UDP IP L2 L1

Transport layer Network layer Public Data Network Layers 1 & 2