Unit III Unit III

Rapidly Varied Flows Rapidly Varied Flows

ydraulic Jump- DeIine DeIine
The hydraulic iump is the phenomenon that occurs where there is an
abrupt transition Irom super critical Ilow to sub critical Ilow. The
most important Iactor that aIIects the hydraulic iump is the
Froude number.
The most typical cases Ior the location oI hydraulic iump are:
Jump below a sluice gate.
Jump at the toe oI a spillway.
Jump at a glacis.
(glacis is the name given to sloping Iloors provided in hydraulic
structures.)
ample
Jump at the toe oI a spillway
Jump at a glacis
Jump below a sluice gate
ydraulic Jump- Assumption Assumption
General Expression for Hydraulic 1ump:
In the analysis oI hydraulic iumps, the Iollowing assumptions are made:
The length oI hydraulic iump is small. Consequently, the loss oI head due to
Iriction is negligible.
The Ilow is uniIorm and pressure distribution is due to hydrostatic beIore
and aIter the iump.
The slope oI the bed oI the channel is very small, so that the component oI
the weight oI the Iluid in the direction oI the Ilow is neglected.

Comments:
This is the general equation governing the hydraulic iump Ior any shape oI
channel.
The sum oI two terms is called speciIic Iorce (M). So, the equation can be
written as:
M
1
M
2
This equation shows that the specific force beIore the hydraulic iump is equal
to that aIter the iump.
"

"

2
1
1 1
2
2
2 2

ClassiIication oI the Jump ClassiIication oI the Jump
The hydraulic iump can be classiIied based on initial Froude
number as
Undular (1 1.0 17)
eak (1 17 25)
scillating (1 25 45)
Steady (1 45 90), and
Strong (1 ~ 90)
ClassiIication oI the Jump ClassiIication oI the Jump
%ype of 1ump
Froude Number Remarks
Undular jump
1 F1 17 Undulations on the surIace.
eak jump
1.7 F1 25 UniIorm Velocity
nergy Loss - small
Small rollers, No baIIles
D/S ater SurIace - Smooth.
scillating
1ump
2.5 F1 45 ater scillates back and Iorth Irom
the bottom to the surIace.
$teady 1ump
45 F1 90 Position, is sensitive to variation oI
Tail ater,
IIiciency is 45 to 70 .
$trong 1ump
F1 ~ 90 IIiciency is 85
ClassiIication oI the Jump ClassiIication oI the Jump
Applications oI the ydraulic Jump Applications oI the ydraulic Jump
DeIine: Surge DeIine: Surge
A surge is a moving wave Iront which results in an abrupt
change oI the depth oI Ilow.
It is a rapidly varied unsteady Ilow condition
Two Types
Positive which results in an increase depth oI Ilow
Negative hich results in decrease depth oI Ilow
Positive surge Positive surge
Type A Positive surge
(Advancing Downstream)
: ead Gate is opened
suddenly.
Type B Positive surge
(Advancing Upstream)
: Tail gate closed suddenly.
Negative Surge Negative Surge
Type C Negative Surge
(Retreating Downstream)
: ead Gate is closed suddenly.
Type D Negative Surge
(Retreating Upstream)
: Tail gate opened suddenly.
Assumptions Assumptions
Channel is horizontal and Irictionless;
Pressure distribution is hydrostatic at locations away Irom the
Iront;
Velocity is uniIorm within the cross section, at location away
Irom the Iront;
Change in the Ilow depth at the Iront occurs over a very short
distance;
ater surIaces behind and ahead oI the wave Iront are parallel
to the bed.
Case A: Surge due to sudden in crease oI Ilow Case A: Surge due to sudden in crease oI Ilow
For eample, consider the movement oI a positive surge wave
in -direction in an open channel having an irregular cross
section. ere, as the surge moves with an absolute velocity, Vw,
Ilow depth becomes equal to y2 behind the surge. Undistributed
Ilow depth ahead oI the surge is y1. The corresponding Ilow
velocities behind and ahead oI the slope Iront are V2 and V1
respectively. The surge has been created due to a sudden change
oI Ilow rate Irom Q1 to Q2.
Surge due to sudden in crease oI Ilow Surge due to sudden in crease oI Ilow
Absolute Velocity oI Surge ave
To make it to steady Ilow , apply V
w
in opposite
direction to V
1
and V
2
and the surge.
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)
Applying momentum equation to the control volume oI Fig
(6)
Sub q. 2 in q.
(7)
(5)
Sub q. 3 in q. 7 and subsequent simpliIication leads to
(8)
(10)
(9)
Now, substitution oI q. (4) in q. (7) and subsequent simpliIication leads to
quations (10) and (11) can be used to determine the surge wave velocity and the
surge height, iI we know the values oI undisturbed Ilow depth, y1, Ilow rate
beIore the surge, Q1, and the Ilow rate aIter the surge, Q2.
quations (10) and (11) are non-linear equations. They can be solved by an
appropriate numerical technique.
For rectangular channels, qs. (10) and (11) simpliIy to the Iollowing.
(12)
(11)
(13)