INTRODUCTION OF FIRST AID

DEFINITION:
First aid is the immediate help given to the sick or injured person at the spot before proper medical treatment.

AIM/OBJECT:
1. To save life through: (a) Artificial respiration. (b) Stop Haemorrhage (bleeding). Prevent his condition from becoming worse by: (a) immobilization of fracture. (b) Cover the wound To Promote recovery by: 1 Re-assurance

2.

3.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES/ASSESSMENT OF FIRST AID

Following are the general principles which are adopted in first aid: Act quickly, quietly, gently and with present mind. Safety of casualty and of yourself. Assessment of casualty that which one need priority is to be established. Apply ABC rule (Airway, breathing, circulation). Stop haemorrhage (bleeding). Immobilize fracture cases. Observe for shock. Nothing is to be given by mouth to unconscious person. Evacuate the casualty to nearest hospital.

PRIORITIES
Whenever an injury is received, the first and most important thing is the setting of priorities. In doing so, two types of surveys are carried out. They are: Has a patient have clear Airway. Is breathing adequately. If not breathing, start artificial respiration. Has adequate circulation. If not start CPR (Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation). Control server bleeding. If casually is breathing but unconscious, turn him into recovery position.

CONDUCT A SECOND SURVEY

After the primary survey is completed, carry out secondary survey in following manner.
Cover all serious wounds and burn. Immobilize fracture/dislocations or suspected fracture case. Get the casualty to Hospital as soon as possible.

COMPOSITION
1. 2. 3. 4. Nitrogen Oxygen : : 79% 20.96 (almost) 0.04% Variable/Numerous

Carbon Dioxide : Water Vapour :

BREATHING SYSTEM
INSPIRED AIR NITROGEN OXYGEN CARON DI OXIDE 79% 20% 0.04% EXPIRED AIR 79% 16% 4.04%

CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
Definition: It is an artificial method to restore function of the heart and lungs.(an emergency life saving method) Method: 1. Apply ABC Rule a. To clear the Airway. b. To provide Breathing . c. To check circulation (Pulse). 2. Position In supine position on hard surface (ground or planks). 3. One man Method 02 Puff 8 compressions 4. Two man Method 01 Puff 4 compressions

SNAKE BITE
Types of Snakes 1. Poisonous snakes

2. Nonpoisonous snakes. Classification of Poison: a. Viperine (1) Haemorrhagic: It destroys lining of blood vessels (2) Haemolytic & Platelets). b. Colubrine It blocks nerve cells and produces respiratory failure and shock. It destroys blood cells (RBC, WBC

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Signs and symptoms of snakebite are: a. Viperine (1)
(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (1) (2) (3) (4)

Pain, Oedema and discolouration of skin.

Faintness, Nausea and vomiting. Loss of sight. Rapidly fall in blood pressure. Shock. Death may occur in 24 to 48 hours Pain, nausea and vomiting. Feel difficulty in breathing. Paralysis. Convulsion, Apnea and Death.

b. Colubrine

FIRST AID TREATMENT

Following first aid treatment is to be given to patients a. b. c. d. Reassurance the casualty. Stay quiet, do not move the casualty, unnecessary movement cause rapidly of poison. Keep the casualty laying but keep the bitten part down. Apply tourniquet, do not tie it very tight and loose it after every 15-20 minutes for 30 seconds to one minute for the maintenance of blood circulation. Apply cold application on bitten area. Do not allow the patient to sleep Observe for shock Evacuate to hospital

d. g. h. j.

NOTE: Acknowledge to casualty about injection of antivenim.

DOG BITE
INTRODUCTION
Dog saliva has germs that are known as rabies. Rabies can only be infected if the animal is medically examined.

DOG BITE FIRST AID TREATMENT

a. b. c. d. e. Control bleeding (in serious wounds) Wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water/available antiseptic lotion. Cover the wound with sterilized dressing. Cases of dog bite should be reported to the medical officer/hospital. Give him acknowledge that, all dog bite cases required anti-rabies vaccination.

POISONS
INTRODUCTION Any substance, which enters into the body in large quantity and becomes harmful for life is called poison. CLASSIFICATION OF POISON A B. Corrosive: These are chemicals produce burn, acid and alkalis. which

Narcotics: These are substances e.g barbiturate, opium derives, which produce drowsiness, stupor and coma. Rotten foods and fruits, which Irritants: produce food poisoning.

C.

POISONS
HOW POISON ENTER INTO THE BODY
a. b. c. BY MOUTH: BY NOSE: BY SKIN & VEINS: Through swallowing. Through inhalation. Through injection & snakebite

FIRST AID TREATMENT

Induce vomiting in case of narcotics and irritant poisoning mix salt and water at ratio one tablespoon of salt in one glass of water for drink. Search the pocket of the casualty and surrounding area for any doubtful material: Induced vomiting in following cases: a. b. c. d. e. Barbiturate poisoning. Acid and alkalis poisoning. Give plenty of water to casualty to neutralize the present or expected action of poison. Observe vital signs. Evacuate the casualty to hospital as soon as possible

BREATHING SYSTEM
DEFINITION:
Breathing system is called respiratory system, which consists of nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial trees and lungs.

RESPIRATION
The act of inspiration and expiration is called respiration.

ASPHYXIA
DEFINITION:
It is condition in which lack of oxygen and excess of carbon dioxide in body tissues due to a. b. Inability to breath Less O2 in air breather

CAUSES
Following are the causes of asphyxia Caused by the food going down in the a. Spasm:wrong way e.g as water in drowning.

b.

Obstruction:Caused by falling of tongue back in the throat as an unconscious patient

c.

Suffocation: By tie collar, hanging and pressure in crowd.

d.

Miscellaneous Caused :- Head injury, Spinal injuries, brain diseases and due to some drugs.

ASPHYXIA
SIGN & SYMPTOMS:
a. b. c. d. Difficulty in breathing Cyanosis(Face, lip and nails become blue) Consciousness is gradually lost. Fits may occur

FIRST AID TREATMENT OF ASPHYXIA

a. b. c. d. e. f. Remove the patient from the cause or cause from the patient Loosen all tight clothing clear the airway. Artificial respiration if breathing ceased. Keep the patient warm. Provide easy breathing facilities Evacuate the patient to hospital.

UNCONSCIOUS CASUALTIES
INTRODUCTION
Unconsciousness means the state of insensibility in which the casualties are unaware of their surroundings and they are unable to make purposeful movement. When responds sluggishly and than fall sleep this is called Drowsiness When patient react to pin prick, this state is called stupor. When he does not react, it is called coma condition or complete loss of consciousness.

CAUSES
Followings are the causes of unconscious casualties a. Asphyxia b. Epilepsy c. Head injury d. Drug poisoning. E. Electric shock f. Blast injuries of lungs g. Diabetes

UNCONSCIOUS CASUALTIES
FIRST AID TREATMENT OF UNCONSCIOUSNESS a. b. c. Lay down the casualty in comfortable recovery position. Loosen all tight clothing. Apply ABC rule. i. Clear airway. ii. Artificial respiration, if breathing ceased. iii. Circulation (stop bleeding CPR if required) Do not leave the casualty un-attendant. Nothing by mouth to unconscious casualty. Evacuate the casualty to to hospital as soon as possible.

d. e. f.

DROWNING
FIRST AID TREATMENT a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. Remove the casualty from water. Clear the airway, remove foreign bodies from the mouth like artificial denture and mud etc. If heart beat cease, start CPR. Give him hot drinks, coffee, tea etc. Give him blankets, to keep warm. Replace the wet clothing with dry clothing. Stop bleeding if any and apply sterilize dressing Evacuate him to nearest hospital.

DISLOCATION
DEFINITION
Displacement of bone from the joint is called dislocation.

CAUSES
a. b. a. b. c. d. e. Direct violence. Indirect Violence. Pain at the joint. Deformity. Loss of function. Swelling Shock may or may not be Neurogenic

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

DISLOCATION
FIRST AID TREATMENT a. b. c. d. e. f. Place the patient in comfortable position. Treat as a fracture case. Never do reduction without experience. Relieve the pain. Observe for shock. Evacuate the victim to hospital

HEAD INJURIES
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
a. b. c. d. e. f. Headache. visual disturbance. Loss of consciousness. Paralysis. Nausea and vomiting. Convulsion, shock & death may occur

HEAD INJURIES
FIRST AID TREATMENT
a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Lay down the casualty in comfortable position. Clear the airway and start artificial respiration CPR if required. To assess & record the level of response. Control bleeding. Reassurance to the casualty. Record vital sign (BP Plus and respiration). Evacuate the casualty to hospital

CHEST INJURIES
INTRODUCTION
Chest cavity contains heart, lungs and major blood vessel. They are protected by ribs and sternum (breast bone). Chest injuries cause severe internal damage.

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS

a. b. c. d. e. Difficulty and painful breathing. Shock. Coughed up frothy red blood. Cyanosis (blueness) of lips and nail. Blood bubbling our of the wound.

CHEST INJURIES
FIRST AID TREATMENT
a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Manage casualties in upright sitting position, incline toward the injured side. Cover the wound with sterilized dressing. Record vital signs. To minimize the risk of shock. Restrict unnecessary movement. Avoid talking coughing and sneezing. Evacuate him to hospital

BLAST INJURIES
INTRODUCTION
Blast injuries are the result of bomb blast and cylinder blast etc. In the result of blast sudden violent disturbance of the air occurs because pressure travels with force towards vacuum, This pressure also throws a person for some distance due to which person gets severe injuries such as fracture and severe wounds etc. Such types

blast are mostly harmful in closed compartments as compared to open spaces

BLAST INJURIES
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
a. b. Severe degree of shock Difficulty in breathing, respiration may be rapid & shallow. c. d. e. f. Pain chest & at the site of wound & cough also. Fracture may be, may not be. Blueness of the face & lips. Unconsciousness in serious cases.

BLAST INJURIES
FIRST AID TREATMENT
a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. Raise the head & shoulders of the patient. Keep the patient warm, quiet & rested. Loose the tight clothing to ensure unrestricted breathing. In case of asphyxia, artificial respiration as soon as possible. Treat the fracture & wound accordingly. Relieve pain by all possible means. Reassure the conscious patients. Evacuate him to hospital

ABDOMINAL INJURIES
INTRODUCTION
Abdominal cavity contains stomach, small and large intestines liver, spleen, kidney and pancreas etc. The severity of abdominal injury cause internal bleeding, which is the major source of infection..

SIGN AND SYMPTOM

a b. c. d. e. f. Severe pain. Bleeding external/internal. Blood pressure low. Shock. Face pale skin, cold and clammy. Restlessness.

ABDOMINAL INJURIES
FIRST AID TREATMENT
a. b. c. d. Lay down casualty in comfortable position. Apply ABC rule. Control bleeding with sterilized dressing. If the casualty cough or vomit press firmly on the dressing to stop abdominal contents pushing out through the wound. To minimize the risk of infection. Observe for shock. Vital sign record. Evacuate to hospital

e. f. g. h.

HEAT STROKE
DEFINITION
1. 2. Heat stroke is caused by excessive exposure to heat not necessary the direct rays of the sun. The failure of heat controlling Centre in the brain

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Headache Irritability and disturb vision Skin hot, red and dry Orally temperature 105F to 109F Convulsion. Pulse rapid. Unconscious, death may occur

HEAT STROKE
FIRST AID TREATMENT
1. 2. 3. 4. Place the patient in cool place in supine position. Reduce the temperature rapidly not below 101F. Cover the body with sheet soaked in ice water. Evacuate him to hospital

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS

a. b. Do not give him stimulant. Never give morphine

HEAT EXHAUSTION
DEFINITION
Heat exhaustion is caused by the loss of salt and water from the body

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS

a. b. c. d. e. f. Profuse sweating. Fainting, Nausea and vomiting. Muscular cramp. Temperature subnormal. Skin cool, pale and moist. Respiration shallow.

HEAT EXHAUSTION
FIRST AID TREATMENT
a. b. c. d. Remove the casualty in cool place. Prevent him from shock. Give him water and salt (ORS) Give him stimulant e.g tea and coffee.

PREVENTIVE MEASURE
a. En-Courage to drink excess amount of water. b. Use ORS (Oral Re-hydration salt) in water when working in the hot atmosphere.

CAUTION:
Excessive amount of salt should be avoided as it may cause condition as thirst, gastro intestinal irritation diarrhea and abdominal cramp.

FIRST AID
PRINCIPAL OF FIRST AID
Act quickly, calmly, gently and with present mind.

HANDLING OF CASUALTIES METHOD:

Dragging One man carry Two men carry Fire man rigging (lift) Human caliches

FIRST AID MANAGEMENT AT SITE

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Priority and assessment. Clear air way. Stop bleeding. Immobilize the fractured part. Cover the wound if any Re-assure the patient if conscious. Evacuate to nearest hospital

SHIFTING PROCEDURE IN AN AMBULANCE

1. 2. Use of various stretchers as per space. Type of stretchers i. Army field stretchers. ii. Neil Robert son stretchers. iii. Wire mash stretchers iv. Improvised (bed sheet, blanket etc).

SHOCK
DEFINITION
Shock is caused due to sudden depression of vital functions of the body. The severity of shock depends upon the severity of injury.

TYPES OF SHOCK
a. Psychogenic/Psychotic shock: It is caused by good

or sad news and sudden emotional excitement. b. Cardiogenic Shock:It is caused by heart failure.

SHOCK
c. Neurogenic Shock It is caused by severe pain I.e fracture, burn and injuries. d. Electric Shock It is caused by heavy electric current transferring the never path e. Wound shock It is caused by severe wounds. It is

most commonly seen in battle field and road traffic accidents. f. HAEMORRGAGIC SHOCK This type of shock

caused due to severe Haemorrhage, lose of blood

SHOCK
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. Skin pale, cold and clammy. Profuse sweating. Pupil dilated. Respiration shallow, irregular and fast. Nausea, thirst and anxiety. Fainting/Giddiness Blood pressure low. Pulse rapid and weak

SHOCK
FIRST AID TREATMENT
a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. Remove the patient from the cause or remove the cause form the patient. Lay down the casualty in comfortable position. Clear the air way. Loosen the tight clothing. Artificial respiration if breathing ceased. Elevate the feet. Keep the patient warm. Evacuate to hospital a soon as possible.

WOUND
DEFINITION
Wound is abnormal breaking of skin and tissues of body.

CLASSIFICATION OF WOUND
a. b. Open Wound:- Breakage in the skin and tissues. Closed Wound:-There in no break in the skin.

TYPES OF WOUND
a. Bruises: It is caused by blunt object which results breaking of small blood vessels beneath the skin due to which becomes blue or black.

WOUND
b. c. c. e. f. Abrasion: It is caused by rubbing of skin on ground with a little bleeding. Incised Wound: Caused by sharp object and bleed heavily. Stab Wound:- It is caused by sharp pointed objects. The wound looks small but it goes deep. Lacerated Wound: It is caused by blow of stone to the skin.Unmanaged cuts Gun shot Wound:- Bullet makes a small wound, where they enter and make a large wound where make their exit. Piece of cloth or metal may be left in the wounds. Other Wound:- By animal bite as dog, cat and snake.

g.

WOUND
FIRST AID TREATMENT a. Lay down casualty in comfortable position. b. Expose the injured area for examination. c. Remove the foreign body, which is visible and easily removable. d. Stop bleeding e. Clean the wound f. Relieve pain. g. Re assurance the patient h. Evacuate the patient to hospital PRECAUTION:Give him knowledge about injection TT 1/2cc in wound and external injuries

HAEMORRHAGE
DEFINITION
The escape of blood from the blood vessels of the body

TYPES OF HAEMORRHAGE
a. Arterial Haemorrhage: Escape of blood from the artery. It is bright red in colour, faster jet in flow. Venous Haemorrhage:- Escape of blood from the vein, it is dark red in colour and steady inflow. Capillary Haemorrhage:Escape of blood from the capillaries. It oozes from the wound. It is intermediate in colour.

b. c.

HAEMORRHAGE
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Face and lips become pale. Skin cold, moist and clammy. Pulse rapid and weak. Blood pressure low. Breathing is rapid irregular and shallow. Temperature subnormal. Restlessness.

HAEMORRHAGE
FIRST AID TREATMENT
a. b. c. d. Lay down casualty in comfortable position. Clear the air way. Artificial respiration if breathing ceased. Control bleeding by following methods. i. Direct pressure (apply dressing) ii. Indirect pressure by applying tourniquet, laces, belt or handkerchief. Iii. Cold application e. Evacuate the casualty to hospital

BURN AND SCALDS

INTRODUCTION BURN: Destruction of skin and tissues due variety of to heat and dry chemical is called burn SCALD: Destruction of tissues due to moist heat is called scalds. CAUSES: a. Flames b. Radiation c. Corresive chemical i.e acid and alkalis etc. d. Hot water and oil e. Steam.

BURN AND SCALDS

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Severe pain Shock (due to sever pain and loss of fluids) Difficulty in breathing. Thirst and vomiting. Loss of fluid. Pulse increased. Unconscious may be.

FIRST AID TREATMENT OF BURN

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. REMOVE THE PATIENT FROM THE CAUSE/CAUSE FROM THE PATIENT. PLACE THE PATIENT IN COMPORTABLE POSITION. REMOVE ALL THE CLOTHING FROM BURN AREA EXCEPT THAT WHICH ARE STICKED WITH BODY. DO NOT BREAKE BLISTER. APPLY COLD WATER ON BURN AREA. APPLY STERILIZED DRESSING. RELIEVE PAIN. GIVE PLENTY OF WATER FOR DRINK. PREVENT FROM INFECTION. EVACUATE TO THE HOSPITAL.

DEGREES OF BURN
IST DEGREE: Redness of skin without blister 2ND DEGREE: Redness of skin with blister 3RD DEGREE Destruction of full thickness of skin deep tissue and some time bone also.

BANDAGES
DEFINITION
These are the material, which are used to cover the wound, control bleeding absorb the secretion and protect from germs/dust infection etc. These are free from microorganisms. TYPES a. b. c. d. e. f. Simple bandage (Compressed/Un-Compressed) Triangular Suspensary bandage Manitaile bandage Crepe bandage (Crab) Finger bandage

APPLICATION OF BANDAGES
a. b. c. Clean the wound from inner to outer side with bandage cloth/cotton & antiseptic lotion. Do not touch the wound directly with out gloves. Bandage should be applied from the side of the wound and from inner to out ward.

FRACTURE
DEFINITION:Breaking of bone due to any cause is called fracture. CAUSES: Fracture causes due to direct violence and indirect violence and due to some diseases like TB and cancer of bone etc. CLASSIFICATION a. Simple: Bone is broken but surrounding skin is intact. Bone is broken with open wound

b.

Compound:

FRACTURE
TYPES:
a. Green stick Fracture Bone shaft is bent and cracked but not completely broken. It is most common in children. Comminuted Fracture Bone is broken into more than two pieces. Complicated Fracture Bone is broken with tissue surrounding area also injured. Impact Fracture The edges of broken bone are driven into one another. Depressed Fracture In this fracture a fragment of bone is driven the surrounding of the bones. This is common in skull bone.

b. c. d. e.

FRACTURE
f. Pathological Fracture:- It is due to weakness of bone caused by diseases like cancer and TB of Bones

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. Severe pain at the site of fracture. Loss of function of that part. Deformity of fracture part. Crepitus (sound of broken bone). Colour change and swelling. Unnatural movements Restlessness. Unconsciousness may be and may not be.

SLINGS AND IMMOBILIZATION

SLINGS: DEFINITION: Slings are those materials which are use to support or dress the effected part.

IMMOBILIZATION
DEFINITION It is a procedure to support and restrict the movement of fractured part

APPLICATION OF SPLINT TO HUMAN BODY

a. b. c. d. e. f. Thomas splints Wooden splints. Wire mash splints Improvised splints Strapping of fingers. POP (Plaster of pairs) can also be used for immobilization purpose effected part.